Aluminum Essay -- Elements Natural Resources Science Essays

atomic number 13Hello buddy How is the weather in Paris? It is extremely cold in New York and there is snow all over the place. The reason I am writing is to give you the information you wanted on aluminum. I save everything you would possibly want to know about everything from mining to recycling, but I will begin with a little background on the element first. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earths crust and was probably formed during the birth of our solar system through collisions of hydrogen atoms under penetrative heat and pressure. Aluminum never occurs as a metal in nature and is only found in the form of its compounds, such as alumina, because of its sinewy affinity with oxygen. It is this special bond for oxygen that explains why it withstood all attempts to prepare it in its elemental form until well into the nineteenth century. The aluminum industry was founded in 1854, but it was not until the late 1880s that a method was found to bring down the pr ices and permit aluminum to be used in a ample variety of ways. Most of the aluminum in the world today is made from Bauxite. It was first discovered in 1821 near Les Baux, France. It was formed by the weathering of aluminous rocks such as feldspar, nepheline, and clays. During the weathering, these rocks are decomposed and leached out, leaving behind a residue of ore rich in alumina, iron oxide, and silica. Most of these large Bauxite deposits are found in the equatorial and the subtropical climates, where heavy rainfall, warm temperatures, and good drainage combine to encourage the weathering process. Because Bauxite is usually found near the surface, it is mined by open-pit methods. After the extraction of the Bauxite, it essential be converted to A... ...dditional information, you could get in touch with the Reynolds Aluminum Recycling Company of America for tips to construct your program. Lorin Industries could also help since they are the worlds largest job cop anodizer o f aluminum. As for myself, I could just call any of my references that I leave on the bottom of this letter if I need any additional information. burgeon forth care pal and I will see you very soon. References1. Altenpohl, D. G., Aluminum Viewed from Within, (1981). 2. Ammen, C. W., Casting Aluminum, (1985). 3. Bakker, M., Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, (1986). 4. Burkin, R. R. Production of Aluminum and Alumina, (1987). 5. King, F., Aluminum and its Alloys, (1987). 6. Pampillo, C. And Biloni, H., Aluminum geological fault Technology and Applications, (1980). 7. Peck, M. J., ed., World Aluminum Industry in a Changing Era, (1988).

History of the Remote Control: The Downfall of Western Civilization :: essays research papers fc

The History of the Remote ControlThe Downf in all of Western subtletyHistory of TechnologyResearch Paper The typical American family has on average four remote controls in their household. Look around the room and imagine how human racey you concur in your house. I count five in just this room alone, not including the wireless mouse and keyboard I am victimisation right now to type this paper. Everyone has seen remote controls for televisions, VCRs, and stereos. However, can you imagine a remote control that can also control lights, the temperature, drapes, and even the front gateway lock Remote controls have come along way since their first uses mainly for military purposes during WWI and WWII. There have been many different types of remote controls invented, some, which have helped society develop, and others that have led to our demise. Throughout this paper, you will learn about how the many different uses of remote controls have helped accomplish tasks once inconceivable by a human alone, but also have led western civilization into a lazy society. In addition, you will learn about the man who invented the first wireless remote control and other types of remotes used in modern day technology. The first remote controls used to operate machines by the German and linked States military during WWI and WWII. During WWI, the German navy used radio-controlled motorboats to ram enemy ships. By WWII, the use of remote controls was beginning to be more of a worldwide concept, controlling bombs and other remote control weapons. The military has a lot of uses for remote controls but beginning in the late 1940s, scientists in the United States began experiments to discover uses of the remote control for uses other then on the battlefield. One of them scientist, the famous, Robert Adler, holds patents for 180 electronic devices, but is best known for his contribution in the growing of the remote control. The first television remote control, established in 1950 b y the Zenith Electronics Corporation, which was then known as the Zenith Radio Corporation. The name given to the remote, Lazy Bones, is all the irony I need to have you understand the title of this paper. Lazy Bones used a cable that ran from the TV set to the person reflection TVs hand. A motor in the TV set controlled the tuner through the remote control. Of course, people liked the idea of not having to rise up to change the channel, but there were many complaints concerning the cable that ran across the floor that everyone always tripped over.

Themes of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: essays research papers

There are domainy themes in the story Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Some of them are abandonment, neglect, revenge, and scientific knowledge, which are all related to each other(a) in this novel. Throughout the story you discover that a man named Victor Frankenstein wants to create a human heart. He does not think through the repercussions of his desire only that he wants the power to create. After Frankenstein creates his creature, he is so frightened and disgusted by the creature?s appearance that he abandons it. In conclusion, Frankenstein abandons his creature because of its appearance. To the creature, Frankenstein is his father and when he left him, he felt ignored and abandoned. The creature did not know how to take care of himself and was given no direction or leadership. He left not knowing where he would go or how he would survive. Frankenstein abandoned his creature as if it were an animal. When Frankenstein abandoned his creature, he didnt even think how the creatu re felt, he in force(p) deserted him. In other words, the creatures abandonment was neglect to its best interest.The creature?s hatred grew from neglect and abandonment. Every person he came in contacted with immediately shunned him. Nobody could look by his horrifying appearance to see what was inside. His hatred then turned into revenge against his creator. The creature wanted Frankenstein to feel what he felt. This is where the revenge takes place and the creature killed everyone Frankenstein loved. The centering people treated the creature just by his externally appearance is the way society in general views and treats people even today. Society is unfair and cruel at times to people who are less pretty, less thin, less attractive in general. The creature felt this every day of his life and lost the love of his creator and never found a suitable life partner all due to society shunning the less outwardly beautiful. Basically, the treatment from not only Frankenstein but al so society led the creature to seek revenge on the one who created him.Knowledge can be both good and bad. Frankenstein felt that the study of science was greater than another other subject because you can go further than the scientist before you had gone. What Frankenstein failed to understand is just because one becomes knowledgeable in science and has the ability to create something or do something new does not mean it is morally right to proceed with the knowledge.

Essay --

From Faulkners description, the story, A Rose for Emily, takes place after American Civil struggle in a period that the southern aristocrats atomic number 18 declining but many palliate stick to their old traditional ways of living. Also, the story shows that there are still many unresolved conflicts between the North and South. In my opinion, the setting of this story, including the time, the place and the culture is the necessary factor for the development of this tragedy.In southern society, the yield is endlessly the center of a family and has the final word. The story depicts a vivid picture about Emily and her Father, Miss Emily, a slender figure in snow-covered in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door.(716) Her father represents the thought of patriarchate in this story he controls Emilys life moreover, he imprisons her, in a figurative sense. I c an image that he uses his horsewhip to thrusting out-of-door every young man who shows love to Emily. This is the reason that none of the yo... Essay -- From Faulkners description, the story, A Rose for Emily, takes place after American Civil War in a period that the southern aristocrats are declining but many still stick to their old traditional ways of living. Also, the story shows that there are still many unresolved conflicts between the North and South. In my opinion, the setting of this story, including the time, the place and the culture is the necessary factor for the development of this tragedy.In southern society, the father is always the center of a family and has the final word. The story depicts a vivid picture about Emily and her Father, Miss Emily, a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door.(716) Her fat her represents the thought of patriarchy in this story he controls Emilys life moreover, he imprisons her, in a figurative sense. I can image that he uses his horsewhip to drive away every young man who shows love to Emily. This is the reason that none of the yo...

othello Essay example -- essays research papers

green-eyedyIn the play Othello, jealousy is shown to be very evident through the actions of the characters. Jealousy is an emotion that everyone shares, and it is ultimately creditworthy for the tragic ending of the play. Everyone feels jealous at certain times of their lives, and this feeling can cause people to do irrational things. This human emotion besides shows people to be weak in the sense that they are never happy with what they carry. Shakespeare shows through Othello, Iago, Roderigo, and Brabantio that jealousy is the most corrupt and destructive emotion.Othello is horribly jealous of what he takes is going on between his wife and Cassio. This poisonous feeling turns Othello into a mad man and he strikes his wife. Jealousy causes people to act fabulously different. People that are almost eternally reserved and sincere can become crazy because of jealousy. Othello kills his wife because he feels that if he cant have her, nobody can. This is a very selfish action that Othello takes. He determines his wifes fatal fate just because he is jealous. People often think only for themselves when they are jealous. This shows humans to be selfish when their emotions are intense.There is almost no worse feeling that being very jealous of individual or something. People will risk almost anything to get rid of this disastrous feeling. Jealously causes people to act irrationally and irresponsibly. This is a feeling that always comes up throughout everybody...

othello Essay example -- essays research papers

jealousyIn the play Othello, jealousy is shown to be very discernible through the actions of the characters. Jealousy is an emotion that everyone shares, and it is ultimately responsible for the tragic ending of the play. Everyone feels jealous at certain times of their lives, and this feeling can cause battalion to do irrational things. This hu globe emotion also shows volume to be weak in the sense that they are never happy with what they have. Shakespeare shows through Othello, Iago, Roderigo, and Brabantio that jealousy is the most corrupt and destructive emotion.Othello is horribly jealous of what he thinks is going on between his married woman and Cassio. This poisonous feeling turns Othello into a mad man and he strikes his wife. Jealousy causes people to act incredibly different. People that are almost always reserved and sincere can become crazy because of jealousy. Othello kills his wife because he feels that if he cant have her, nobody can. This is a very selfish actio n that Othello takes. He determines his wifes fatal emergency just because he is jealous. People often think only for themselves when they are jealous. This shows humans to be selfish when their emotions are intense.There is almost no worse feeling that being very jealous of someone or something. People will risk almost anything to get rid of this disastrous feeling. Jealously causes people to act irrationally and irresponsibly. This is a feeling that always comes up throughout everybody...

Art of the United States

art of the United States Out of all the works of art with in the Art of the United States exhibit in the San Diego Museum of Art in Balboa Park, Shipwreck by Thomas Doughty really made an impression on me. It is a 25 x 30 ? in. oil on canvas. The reason this exposure caught my eye is because it has two especially unusual qualities. First, Doughty rarely painted seascapes, and his paintings usually pore on the lyrical aspects of nature rather than the threatening ones.Shipwreck was composed in the artists studio from elements borrowed from different locations. The painting is symmetrical with trees blowing in harsh winds on either side. The swaying trees seem to barely be holding on to the rocks on which they stand. Ominous clouds lurk in the distance that augment terror that the crashing waves bring to the viewer. just now beyond the vanishing point of the ocean, a horizontal line of reddish yellow breaks up the dark color of the ocean and the clouds.The gentle blended lines seem to abide by the wilderness of the United States during the eighteen hundreds. The curved lines strengthen the movement of the ocean and the clouds. The color scheme seems to be unified and the overall dullness and darkness of the painting intensify the violent and even theatrical depiction of a storm. There is a tiny figure that stands both(prenominal) at the center of the storm and at the center of the painting.I think the artist painting this painting because wants viewers to be able to identify with the miniature central lone figure. He stands entirely and helpless watching the ship break against the rock just offshore. It appears he is watching the figure immediately to his right struggling in the rampant surf. During the 1800s shipwrecks were very common and many people could easily have identified with the tiny figure standing in the midst of the raging storm. The painting evokes both awe and fear in me. The rash of mother nature seems to be unstoppable.

World War I and Sherri L. Smith

During World War II, women didnt have a say concerning the perilous event that led countries to combat and caused death thats unforgettable. All they could do is sit back and donate necessary items that are needed while others joined the military. Even though the women never received any recognition of the hard work, they contribute for the freedom and rights like any man would which was put into many effort, sweat, and tears showing that they also mash a vital role for their country.In the historical fiction book, Flygirl by Sherri L. Smith, the readers look though the eyes of a colored girl named Ida Mae Jones as she uses her unfounded skin to pass as a white due having a fervent desire to join the Women Airforce Services Pilots (WASP). Despite the consequences that might evanesce throughout the two hundred and seventy five pages, Ida Mae will do anything to join WASP due to her father and the passion to abet her country.Ida Mae Jones whos a Louisiana girl always had the passi on to be up in air since her father came home with a pilot license in his good deal and even after his death, she still has the desire. When the Americans enter War World II, the government starts to recruit women pilots to fly non-combat missions which cause Ida to join due to the desire to fly and help her enlisted brother instead of cleaning homes during the weekends while also be helpless.The only problem that stands n her way is being colored but due to her being light skinned, the situation is solved the situation however, the realization that a new name and outfit cant really hide who a person really is. Throughout the book, Ida Mae Jones experiences the pain of losing a close friend physically and mentally, the burden that comes from denying ones identity and family, and the forbid able relationship with a white man.

ABC Chemicals Essay

After reading the scenario about ABC chemical substances it was obvious that there were several appargonnt risks and guesss that I place which needed to be assessed and either eliminated or controlled. These can be achieved using different Legislative measures and Codes Of Practice(COP) which is relevant to their Industry. By Looking further into the chemicals that ABC appreciation we can assess the presentable hazards Solvent most upshots are either flammable or highly flammable, this is dependent on their volatility. When a mixture of vapor and air combine there is a possibility of an explosion. The vapours from solvent is denser that air, it sinks to the bottom of the container. Vapours can still be found in leisure containers and pose threat of possible fire, hence empty containers should be stored open and upside down.There are many another(prenominal) potential health risks caused by solvent including toxicity to the nervous system, liver and kidney damage, respiratory issues to name a few. It burns with an invisible flame making it harder to extinguish. Corrosives sulfurouss develop the ability to destroy other mettles when in contact. It causes chemical burn when in contact. PPE should be worn including Gloves, Safety Goggles, Protective Apron, Safety Shoes, and a Face Guard. Workers should always consult a SDS relating to the corrosive substance prior to use.Corrosive substances and mixtures class 8 dangerous goods can be either alkaline or acidic and these two categories are incompatible. Risks associated with retentivity and handling of corrosive substances and mixtures can be eliminated or understated by observing the guidance on Worksafe Australia National Code of Practice for the Storage and Handling of Workplace Dangerous Goods collyrium and safety showers should be readily accessible where corrosives are handled or transferred.Acid acid comes in as a water treatment chemical. It should not be stored with detergents or solutions . Acids should never be stored with alkaline chemicals due to the potential for harmful reactions. Some reactions of acids and alkaline chemicals can be highly exothermic and rapidly father large amounts of gas, causing an explosion risk. Chemicals much(prenominal) as acids can cause respiratory illnesses, cancers or dermatitis. WHS enactment 2011(357 containing and managing spills)(359 Fire control)(360-362 Emergency Equipment, Emergency Plans, Safety Equipment) (363-control of risks from storage or handling systems & regulation) (331 SDSs)(60- managing risks to health and safety) manual handlingThe WHS Act provides a framework to protect the Health, safety and welfare of all workers at work and that of sight who may be affected by the work carried out. The WHS Act aims to *Protect the health and safety of workers and other people by eliminating or minimising risks arising from work or workplaces *Ensure fair and effective representation, consultation and cooperation to addres s and resolve any health and safety issues in the workplace *Encourage employer organisations and workers Unions to take a constructive role in improving work health and safety practices *Assisting businesses and workers to achieve a healthier and safer working environment *Promote discipline, education and train on work health and safety *Provide effective compliance and enforcement measures, and *Deliver continuous improvement and progressively higher standards of work healthWorksafe Australia has devised the National get Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations. A new system of Chemical Classification and Hazard communication on Labels and Safety selective information Sheets (SDSs) based on globally Harmonised system of Classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS) will come into affect. There will be a five (5) year transitional period for contemptible to the new GHS based system, this will allow the two different systems to be used together .After 31 December 2016, (the end of the 5 year period) all workplace chemicals essential be classified using the GHS system, Labels and safety data sheets (SDS) must also be updated.. The WHS Regulations include duties for a Person conducting or Undertaking a business to manage any risk to Health and safety that can be caused from the Handling, Storing and Generating of Hazardous chemicals in the workplace. These Duties include tasks such as, scarcely not limited to *The correct labelling of Containers*Displaying Safety Signs*Maintaining a Register And Manifest (if relevant) Of the bad Chemicals and providing Notifications to the Regulator of the Manifest Quantities *Ensuring that exposure standards are not exceeded.*the provision of Training, information, mastery and supervision to all employees *identifying risk of physical/chemical reaction of hazardous chemicals and to ensure the stability of these chemicals *provision of spill containment system for hazardous chemicals if needed *obtaining up to date S afety Data Sheets (SDS) from the manufacturer, importer, supplier of that chemical. *Controlling ignition sources and accumulation of flammable and combustible substances. *Provision and availability of fire protection, fire fighting equipment and hand brake/safety equipment. *preparing an fate image if the amount of a hazardous class chemical exceeds the manifest quantity for the chemical *Ensure the stability & support containers for slew hazardous chemicals including Pipe-work and any attachments. *De-commisioning of underground storage and handling system*Notifying the regulator as soon as possible of any abandoned tanks More information regarding Hazards and risks associated with the use, generating, storing and handling of a hazardous chemical can be obtained from the following resources -incident reports-Australian Code for Transport of Dangerous Good by Road & Rail-National industrial Chemical Substances Information System (NICNAS) The Regulatory Authorities-WHS Consulta nt-Trade unions-Employer Associations-By Searching the internet, such as Safework Australia, the Australian Government webpages as well as many other sites relevant to your industry.Hazards*When spillage occurred, it states that it was cleaned up with a rag then dumped into a general bodge dumpster which was emptied on a weekly basis. The disposal of these rags in the general dumpster poses a major risk ofcross contamination with other rags that have had been used with other chemical/substances, which could lead to a toxic/hazardous situation, the production of toxic gases and the potential of a fire hazard. There is also no mention of any PPE being used during the handling of the chemicals either * Chemical storage there are several different types of chemicals stored at the deftness, there is a risk if stored together that they can cause either a chemical or physical risk, *Another hazard I noted was that ABC chemicals building only had a limited amount of emergency equipment, w ith the amount of employees working for ABC this definitely causes a hazard, there obviously is not enough equipment available to accommodate more than a handful of workers.The union could end up in legal strife for not supplying the correct amount of Emergency Equipment as set out in the WHS Regulation 2011 *Manual Handling Hazard the drums are 205 Ltrs, they are then decanted into containers approximately 30 ltrs/Kilo ,there is no mention of appropriate equipment to move these containers. *The Storing the empty drums in the rear of the yard against a cyclone fence, these drums are sitting for a whole month before being removed.Even though these drums are presumably empty, drums that have had solvent in them, unless stored open and upside down pose a major risk of explosion causing fire, with an un-kept paddock directly behind the fence where these drums are stored there is the potential for the fire to spread causing damage and risk to the public also. *The lack of employee trai ning in relation to Safe Handling Of Chemicals (hazardous substances) or how to deal with Emergencies. . No employees have be appointed as safety officers (section 19 of the Act), if there was an incident there would be no give the sack direction to follow..*Location There is risk to not only to employees of ABC there is also risk to all at the childcare centre, the nursing home, as well as the general public with the building being located on a busy street which is prone to accidents. *Lack of Emergency plan displayed. No emergency plan displayed to direct people when there is an incident These risks can be assessed by several means such as SDS (Safety Data Sheets), independent Audit, Employee participation, hazard studies.Level of risk and ControlSmall chemical spills- (dependent on the severity)- first aid injury is likely due to chemical burn(dependent on skin sensitivity, injury could range from minor-major) High Risk- Have a separate area for decanting each separate chemical. Provide spill containment system, Provide appropriate training in the control of spills, Develop procedure for the control of spills Provide appropriate PPE for each specific chemicalDisposal of Chemical Rags minor fatal injuries is real likely from this dangerous practice which is exposing the risk to the disposal company staff and driver uttermost(prenominal) risk- Notify Supervisor/ HSR- Provide spill containment system, Provide controlled waste system, have a separate waste area for specific chemicals. Set up a controlled collecting of wasteStaff Lacking Training in handling chemicals minor fatality possible Extreme risk-Immediate action required, notify supervisor/HSR. Adopt a training plan to up skill the work force in line with legislative requirements. Ensure the training covers areas such as* How to understand SDS Data Sheets* Personal Safety* Emergency procedures* Induction training & current trainingLimited Emergency Equipment major injury is very likely throug h to fatality Extreme risk- immediate action required, notify supervisor/HSR. insure risk assessment with workers and emergency services to determine all main risks. Review SDS to identify risks Implement additional emergency equipment as required, an example of such equipment could be * Spill containment systems * Emergency showers and eye wash stations * Monitors and alarms *Fire fighting equipmentStorage of chemical drums Major- fatalityExtreme risk- separation of the different chemicals in storage areas to minimise the risk of interaction. Ensure the clear displaying of SDS information for each of chemicalsStorage of empty chemical drums- Major FatalityExtreme Risk- Organise that the collection of empty drums are done more frequently (eg Weekly) Ensure Solvent drums are turned upside down with lid open to reduce risk of gas build up. Ensure each chemicals drums are stored separate to each other to minimise interactionLack of emergency Plan displayed- Minor- FatalityExtreme r isk- consultation within the workplace, and surrounding Businesses. Develop a emergency plan including things such as evacuation procedures Notification Procedures ( advising emergency services medical treatment Communication procedures between co-ordinater of the emergency response and everyone at the workplace. The plan is to be explained to all existing staff, and included in inductions for future staff. The plan needs to be displayed in a location that is accessible to all staff of the workplace. The plan will be reviewed at acceptable intervals no more than 5yrs to ensure its specialty or when there is a change warranting an update.Manual Handling- Minor- Major There is no mention of Lifting devices meaning injury is then Extreme Risk. Ensure becoming training of workers in regard to proper Manual handling. Ensure there is appropriate lifting devices for employees to use to minimise the risk of injuryLocation- Minor Fatality. Due to law of proximity to day-care and nurs ing home and the fact it is on a busy rd which is prone to accidents there is a Extreme risk- the installation of safety barriers around ABC Chemicals to minimise the risk of damage caused by motor vehicle accident, set up exclusion zone for storage of any chemicals. Consultation with the aged care facility and the surrounding Businesses regarding ABCs emergency Plan in case of incidentRisk Controls1.Eliminate a hazard, removing the hazard totally, Eg repairing damaged equipment immediately. If this is not reasonably usable the next step is to minimise the risks so far as is reasonably practicable by doing one ormore of the following2.Substituting (wholly or partly) the hazard creating the risk with something that has lesser risk, Eg instead of using a lead based product, use a non lead based one3.Engineering controls/. Isolation- the hazard from any soul exposed to it, with use of Barriers etc, lifting devices for manual handling4. Administrative controls. Training, provide manua ls regarding H&S in the workplace,redesigning the job task. If the risk is still present, the remaining risk must be minimised, so far as is reasonably practicable,5.PPE. such as Gloves, Safety Goggles etc A combination of controls should be used if a atomic number 53 control is not sufficient for the purpose. PPE is a last resort because it protects the person against the hazard but it does not remove the hazard

The Two Tragic Gods With Dual Personality

The Two Tragic Gods With Dual PersonalityDemeter and Dionysus Unlike other immortal gods, who were little use to human beings, and were constantly marvelous, Demeter and Dionysus, known as gods of harvest, were undoubtedly humankinds best friends however, both of them likewise shouldered a tragic destiny. Unveiled their miraculous appearance, we could see that the 2 great gods of Earth were not only gods of reaping but also of suffering.Whenever winter came, the low temperature and the frost would wither the crops and grapes, left only shriveled braches. Suffered more than this, Dionysus would fade in a terrible way with the coming of the cold he was torn into pieces, but was unendingly brought back to life he died and rose again. On the other hand, Demeter would not die, but she also suffered from the painful separateness of her beloved daughter Persephone. It was hearty-known that both of the 2 divinities had another personality.Demeters anger was a horrible weapon. Mentione d in the book THE CLASSIC BESTSELLER MYTHOLOGY, Demeter could let nothing grow on Earth and turned it into a barren, leafless land. As men always called her the Good Goddess, she also featured a kind appearance. But among all her personalities, the idea of sorrow was foremost. But then, Dionysus, like wine was good as well as bad, also had two personal identities. He was mans benefactor and was mans destroyer.His wine was life-giving, and could heal several illnesses, but it was also fatal whenever you drink too much. Bringing all the good and bad things to humankind, Dionysus also was the tragic god as I mentioned above. He was also the anatomy of the life that is stronger than death, for he would rise every time he died. He was the assurance that death does not end all. Holding good and bad, reaping and suffering features, the two great gods of EarthDemeter and Dionysus were not only mankinds best friends but also a tragic fate sufferer.

Analysing Carbon Emissions From Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

The anthropogenetic carbonic acid natural gas ascendings and planetary thawing has alarmed worldly to happen new and breach ways to run into the energy demand while cut downing the GHGs. Pakistan is excessively badly affected by energy crisis and environmental jobs. Pakistan brick kilns are unmatched of the major flue gas onward motion resources. The intent of this research is to develop a simulation hypothetical account to relieve carbon dioxide emanations and give it for the mathematical product of fertilizer that helps the agribusiness needs and economic system of rules. The widely apply MEA dissolver to capture flue gases is replaced by sedimentary Ammonia because the subsequently non merely absorbs each(prenominal) three major acid gases ( CO2, SO2 and NO2 ) to greater extent but besides produces a chemical compound plant food from these acid gases which has advantage over new(prenominal) fertilisers and does non sully the land piss. It has been found that soa king up might is annexd with gain of NH3/CO2 molar ratio. This methodological analysis has been first clip introduced in Pakistan to gravel forth a fertiliser from the flue gases of brick kilns. This technique apprize significantly cut down crease pollution and a measure towards sustainability.The phenomenon of planetary heating has changed its form and converted itself to planetary warning. It is due to non merely the monolithic emanation of GHGs in the ambiance but besides deficiency of appropriate direction system to cut down the monolithic sum of the GHG. GHG chiefly consists of CO2, H2O bluess, methane and last but non least choloroflorocarbon. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , about three-quarterss of the concomitant in atmospheric CO2 is attributable to firing fossel fuels. IPCC, Climate Change 2001 impacts, version and exposure. Contribution of working group II to the Third Assessment key out of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cl imate Change, Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2001. If the C in only the estimated fogey fuel militias were emitted to the ambiance, the C concentration would lift to more than 5 generation pre-industrial degree. ONeill BC, Oppenheimer M. Climate Change Dangerous Climate impacts and the Kyoto protocol, Science 2002 296 ( 5575 ) 1971-2. With mention to the IPCC anticipation, the ambiance would incorpo appraise up to 570 ppm of CO2 by the terminal of 2100, doing a rise of slopped planetary temperature of around 1.9oC and an addition in average sea degree of 3.8 m Stewart C, Hessami M.A survey of methods of C dioxide gaining control and sequestration- the sustainability of a photosynthetic bioreactor attack, heartiness Convers Manage 2005 46 403-20 . Another IPCC studies on CO2 gaining control and storage gives planetary CO2 emanation in 2000 at 23.5GT with about 60 % of this attributed to 7887 beginnings preceding(prenominal) 100,000 tonne/year including 4942 electr ical power Stationss which emitted 10.5GT/year CO2. the staying 40 % emanations were chiefly from transit systems. IEA particular study on C dioxide gaining control and storage, IPCC web turn up www.ipcc.ch 2005 .Other than power workss and cars brick kilns are besides lending in environmental pollution. Coal and wood are normally employed in the fabrication of bricks in Pakistan. The burning of coal and wood release C dioxide, methane, C atom, azotic oxide and a assortment of manufactured chemicals that do non happen in nature kindred Chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, C monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, ( NMHCs ) and nitrogen oxides 2 .Harmonizing to our appraisal there are more than 1000 brick kilns working in the locality of Lahore. The one-year production of bricks is about 46 million per twelvemonth from more than 6000 brick kilns in Pakistan. The emanations from Brick Kiln industry in Pakistan is at scaring degree. It has been estimated that about 533019 dozenss of untreate d nursery gases are emitted from these kilns on one-year footing which raise in assorted environmental jobs can be observed in table 1. 2 . The tallness of chimney is besides non game plenty because of which the solemnity leans downwards to the land, finally fouling the country. evade 1 CO2 Emissions of states of PakistanStateProbationary DivisionGreen Houses Gases Emission( tons/year )Green Houses Gases Emission% agePunjab complete47946789.96SindhEntire343326.44Khyber PakhtunkhwaEntire147452.76BalochistanEntire44750.84Grand Total533019100Figure 1 Pakistan CO2 emanation ( metric dozenss per capita )Figure 2 Word CO2 emanation ( metric dozenss per capita )Emissions from Brick kilnThe emanations from Brick Kiln industry in Pakistan is at scaring degree. The values of GHGs release calculated from the up matching to 6000 brick units established in the state are 139600, 19600, 495200, 2100, 360, 17 and 540 T severally for entire C ( C ) , C dioxide ( CO ) , C dioxide ( CO2 ) , metha ne CH4, azotic oxide ( NO ) , nitrogen dioxide ( N2O ) and nighttime. It is apparent that GHGs emanations are dominated by C dioxide ( CO2 ) followed by CO and other non- CO2 gases. Projected parts of GHGs from the Punjab state to the state s entire emanations are highest which can be observed in the Table 1. 2 .Environmental IssueEnvironmental issues due to emanations of pollutants from burning of fossil fuels have turned into planetary jobs, every bit good as air toxics and nursery gases ( GHGs ) . The recitation of fossil fuels for energy contributes to a figure of environmental jobs globally. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) 1 , about three-quarterss of the addition in atmospheric CO2 is attributable to firing fossil fuels. Table 2 shows the harmful pollutants released into the ambiance from combustion of fossil fuels. If the C in all of the estimated dodo fuel militias were emitted to the ambiance, the C concentration would lift to more than 5 times pre-industrial degrees 2 .Table 2 Fossil fuel emanation degrees ( pounds/billion BTU of energy stimulant drug )PollutantNatural GasOilCoalCarbon dioxide117000164000208000Carbon monoxide4033208Nitrogen oxide92448457Sulphur oxide111222591Particulates7842744 atomic number 800.000.0070.016Entire117140165687.007214000.016Beginning EIASurveies have shown that increased GHG degrees in ambiance are believed to do planetary heating. Among these GHGs, CO2 makes up a high proportion in regard of its sum nowadays in the ambiance, lending 60 per centum of planetary heating effects 3 .World Consumption of FertilizerWorld fertiliser ingestion increased exponentially in the period 1950- 1990. This growing was spurred by the rise in nutrient demand by increasing universe population. Achieving higher production given the identical sum of land can be done through three ways.Turning more land into cultivable land through better irrigation using High Yielding Seeds ( HYS )Using ferti lisers to better dirt contentImprovement in dirt content is the most convenient and often followed method. Furthermore, it has gained widespread usage as nutrient demand rises.The exponential growing in universe fertiliser ingestion experienced a brief downswing in the primordial 1990 s due to the prostration of fertiliser ingestion in the states of cardinal Europe and the Former Soviet Union, following structural alterations and economic jobs. However brand that brief downswing, growing in fertiliser ingestion is once more on the rise and rapid growing is expected to go on in the hereafter. Harmonizing to IFA estimations, the universe fertiliser ingestion is expected to make 199.2mntpa in 2030 from 174.7mntpa in 2015.Figure 3 World Fertilizer ConsumptionMeasure towards SustainabilityIt is clear that CO2 is the chief constituent that is stage in surplus more than other pollutants and fouling the environment. To halt the environment clean such techniques must be employed that non merely capture the CO2 and other gases and besides utilize them to bring forth a valuable merchandise from these flue gases. This thing will assist in economic system and maintain the environment clean and finally capturing and transition of CO2 from flue gases into a valuable fertiliser ( NH4HCO3 ) is so the first measure towards sustainability.WorkThe Aqueous ammonium ion hyd localised oxide is used as a dissolver to capture the fluke gases breathing from the brick kiln which non merely captures CO2, but besides SO2 and NOx. The ammonia settlement after soaking up was found to incorporate ammonium enthalpy carbonate NH4HCO3 , ammonium sulphate ( NH4 ) 2SO4 , and ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 , which comprise a compound fertiliserFigure 4 the fluke gases CO2, SO2 and NOx from the stack of brick kiln are breathing. The reaction of aqueous ammonium hydroxide with CO2 non merely captures CO2 but besides give a by-product ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) used a fertiliser s ubmergence ability of Aqueous Ammonia Vs MEAMEA do byAmine soaking up engineeringThe soaking up engineering which uses amine solution ( MEA ) is be used in natural gas industry for 60 old ages and is considered as a mature engineering. Natural gas industry utilizes MEA to absorb CO2 from natural gas. The re doing of CO2 from burning fluke gas can be done by a figure of commercial MEA soaking up processes. In an absorbent, the MEA solution is allowed to hold a contact with fluke gas which consequences in the soaking up of CO2. When used in a power works, CO2 is entrapped by the dissolver while the fluke gas is bubbled through the dissolver in a jammed absorber mainstay. Subsequently the captive CO2 is stripped dispatch of the dissolver by counter fluxing steam at 100 to 200 grade Celsius in a regenerator unit. CO2 watercourse is concentrated ( up to 99 % ) due to the vaporization of H2O bluess and this watercourse can subsequently be compressed for commercial applications or stor age. The action is economically hapless as it calls for a big equipment and intensive energy input. Recycle rate of CO2 for MEA is 98 % The basic reaction for this procedure isC2H4OHNH2+H2O+CO2C2H4OHNH3++HCO3-Disadvantages of MEA procedureMEA procedure bears some defects which are1. fill capacity of CO2 is little2. Equipments confronts high corrosion rates3. High absorptive wee rate is generated by amine abasement chiefly because of SO2, NO2, HCl, HF and O in fluke gas4. Energy ingestion is really high particularly during high temperature absorbent regenerationWhen the CO2 is entrapped from coal or crude oil derived burning fluke gas, hints of sulphur dioxide should besides be removed to avoid debasement of MEA by SO2 and O meanwhile irreversible debasement merchandises are constituted. The cost of MEA procedure is high on history of debasement even if all of the SO2 is removed from the fluke gas by using a desulphurization unit. Oxides of N should besides be dispatched organiz e the fluke gas to maintain up the emanation bounds.Figure 5 Degradation MEA by CO2 and O2The cost of MEA make-up is high because of debasement, even after most of the SO2 is removed from the fluke gas in an upstream fluke gas desulphurization unit. NOx must besides be finally removed from the fluke gas before it is discharged into the air in order to run into present and future gaseous emanation bounds.Advantages of Aqueous Ammonia over MEAReplacement of widely used MEA procedure by individual Aqua Ammonia procedure can ensue in the gaining control of all three major acid gases along with HCl and HF which might be in the fluke gas. Since emanations of SO2 and NOx must maintain up certain emanation bounds, a individual procedure is more than plenty to cut down the capital cost by capturing all the acid gases and besides simplify the complexity of emanation control system. Presently there is no emanation bound on CO2 but clip is non farthest off when it will besides hold a restrict ed emanation bound. Sulpher dioxide and O in flue gases can bring on equipment corrosion the Aqua Ammonia Process can acquire over this job by cut downing absorptive make-up rate. Another advantage of the Aqua Ammonia procedure over the MEA procedure is that the energy demand for absorptive regeneration is predicted to be really low. Beforehand it was approximated that thermic energy ingestion for CO2 regeneration utilizing the Aqua Ammonia Process could be at least 75 % less than the MEA procedure. Many other economical grounds are besides at that place to back up the ammonium hydroxide procedureThe profitable by-products, ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) ammonium sulphate ( ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ) and ammonium nitrate ( NH4NO3 ) are produced, used as a fertiliserAdvantage of production of NH4HCO3China had been preferring ammonium carbonate as a N fertiliser for about 30 old ages. It is already elaborated that when ammonium carbonate is used as a nitrogen fertiliser deep in the dirt its action of work is merely interchangeable urea and ammonium sulfate. As we grapple that carbonates react with alkalic Earth minerals ( Ca, Mg ) ensuing in the formation of carbonated minerals. Excessive usage of land H2O may do high degrees of alkaline minerals in dirts as in the western United States the hydrogen carbonate from ammonium carbonate non merely neutralizes alkalic species but besides deoxidizes saltiness into stable compounds like H2O and Ca carbonate.HCO3-+Ca2++OH-H2O+CaCO3vSolid merchandises like CaCO3 are a absolutely stable signifier of cloistered CO2 ( Fig. ) .Furthermore, dirt had a capableness to move as a engagement stuff which held back NH4+ but allow HCO3- dribble down with rainfalls or irrigation to land H2O which was already enriched with alkalic minerals Ca2+ . Consequently carbonates reacted with alkalic minerals in land H2O ensuing in the deposition of carbonated minerals in the undersoil Earth bed ( fig. 5A ) . diddley atoms are negatively char ged therefore it attracts positively charged ions but repel negative ions due to its higher affinity for positively charged species ( NH4+ ) as compared to negatively charged species ( HCO3- ) .Figure 6There upon when ammonium nitrate is used as a fertiliser, NO3- over scats with H2O which non merely consequences in the want of the fertiliser but besides daub of land H2O. Carbonates are non as unsafe species as nitrates because those do non do wellness jobs therefore NH4HCO3 and ( NH2 ) 2CO are preferred fertilisers. Groundwater motion pledges carbonates to the Earth subsurface every bit deep as 500 to 1000 m where they deposits as carbonated mineralsFigure 7 Loss of fertiliser and taint of land H2O by utilizing NH4NO3It is obvious that use of NH4NO3 as fertiliser contaminates the land H2O and NO3- is easy run off where as when NH4HCO3 is used as a fertiliser could cut down the job of NO3- overflow and does non pollute the land H2O.MethodologyAqueous Ammonia ProcedureIt has been proposed that the widely utilised MEA procedure is replaced with aqueous ammonium hydroxide procedure to capture all three major acid gases ( SO2, NOx, CO2 ) plus HCl and HF, which may co-exist in the fluke gas. Since SO2 and NOx emanations must stay by with certain emanation bounds, a individual procedure to capture all acidic gases is expected to cut down the sum cost and complexness of emanation control systems. Unlike the MEA procedure, the Aqua Ammonia Process ( AAP ) is non expected to hold absorptive debasement jobs that are caused by sulfur dioxide and O in fluke gas nor is it expected to do equipment corrosion. The application of ammonium hydroxide for coincident decrease of SO2, NOx and quicksilver has besides been reported 31 .Different conjectural accounts and methods have been proposed and tested. In our theoretical account, we have chosen Aqueous ammonium hydroxide as the dissolver. The theoretical account was developed on HYSYS 3.2. General NRTL was selected as th e fluid bundle. This unstable bundle is rather various and it non merely accommodates the belongingss of our system constituents but besides the aqueous and assorted resultant systems. The flow-sheet of our theoretical account is shown in Fig. 3 fluke gas enters the absorber from the underside to the top through the absorber where interacts in counter-clock manner with aqueous ammonium hydroxide dissolver ( NH3+H2O )Table 3 Flue gas composing from brick kilnSr. NumberComponentMole Percentage1N2712Carbon dioxide6.063Carbon monoxide3.944NO28.895 water supply3.116H22.127SO24.88Procedure ChemistryThe procedure of soaking up of CO2 by aqueous ammonium hydroxide involves a complex chemical gas-liquid reaction 1 , whose general chemical reaction look followsNH3+H2O+CO2NH4HCO3 ( 1 )In fact, there are a series of in-between reaction procedures incorporatedNH3+CO2NH2COONH4 ( 2 )NH2COONH4 hydrolyzes into NH4HCO3NH2COONH4+H2ONH4HCO3+NH3 ( 3 )Besides, ammonium hydroxides can respond with H2O to make NH4OHNH3+H2ONH4OH ( 4 )NH4HCO3 produced by hydrolytic reaction will respond with NH4OH to make ( NH4 ) 2CO3NH4HCO3+NH4OH ( NH4 ) 2CO3 ( 5 )( NH4 ) 2CO3 absorbs CO2 and creates NH4HCO3( NH4 ) 2CO3+H2O+CO22NH4HCO3 ( 6 )Spraying aqueous ammonium hydroxide into fluke gas non merely captures CO2 but besides absorbs hints of SOx and NOx from the fluke gas in conformity with the undermentioned chemical equationsNOx+SOx+H2OHNO3+H2SO4 ( 7 )HNO3+H2SO4+NH3NH4NO3+ ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ( 8 )The merchandise formed ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) has been used as a N fertiliser in China for over 30 old ages. It has been good demonstrated that when NH4HCO3 is placed into deep dirt, its nitrogen fertilisation consequence on harvests is similar to that of other N fertilisers, such as ( NH4 ) 2SO4 and urea.The intent of this work is to relieve the emanation of CO2 from the selected brick kiln, as this gas is among the major perpetrators doing green-house consequence which has finally resulted in drastic and black conditions alterations and temperature-rise to alarming degrees across the Earth. Each twelvemonth the add-on of Carbon dioxide entirely from the brick industry of Pakistan is 35072.65. Gas soaking up has so far been the most utile and advantageous technique which has been covered good in the subdivision station C techniques.ExperimentalThe CO2 soaking up rate surveies were performed in an absorber in dynamic simulation environment on hysys 3.2. shown in Figure 3. The temperature of gases breathing from top of the brick kilns is in the scope of 120 to 150 & A deg C. The composing of the flue gasses were found utilizing industrial burning and emanation analyser ( E8500, USA ) which is shown in Table 2. Aqueous Ammonia solution is passed through a ice chest in order to diminish the temperature of aqueous ammonium hydroxide temperature, as it gives best consequence at low temperature, introduced from top of the column through valve. The fluke gas is introduced th rough from the underside of an absorber through a pump that increases its flow rate. In absorber counter flow soaking up takes topographic point and as a consequence, most of the CO2, SOx and NOx are absorbed and a by-product, NH4HCO3, is produced, which is widely used as fertiliser.Figure 8 Procedure flow sheetAbsorber DesignIn our Hysys theoretical account we selected an absorber for the soaking up of flue gases. We used different temperature force per unit area conditions for absorber in order to the happen the best soaking up efficiency and cipher the no. of phases. We found that after nine plates the soaking up efficiency is decreased as shown in graph, and supreme soaking up is achieved utilizing aqueous ammonium hydroxide in an absorber of nine home bases.Figure 9 No of phases Vs mole fraction of CO2 absorbedIn our HYSYS theoretical account, we wide-ranging different parametric quantities ( i.e. Temperature, Pressure, Flow-rate, Aqueous Ammonia concentration etc. ) and exami ned the resulting per centum of CO2 absorbed.Consequences and DiscussionThe rate of soaking up is affected by variables such as temperature, force per unit area, flow-rate, solvent per centum etc. all these variables were manipulated to analyze their consequence on soaking up with the aid of ensuing tabular arraies and tendencies. The consequences of all these parametric alterations are discussed one by one.Consequence of Flow rate on CO2 AbsorptionThe consequences obtained by simulation of our HYSYS theoretical account show understanding with the standard findings that there is addition in soaking up with that of addition in flow rate. In our HYSYS theoretical account, we used different flow-rates and it has been found that soaking up efficiency is increased with addition of NH3/CO2 molar ratio as shown in Fig. At about a NH3/CO2 molar ratio of approximately 1.5, the highest CO2 soaking up efficiency was heedful at approximately 97 % and 100 % for instance of NOx and SOx. In our s imulation theoretical account at 230kgmole/hr the maximal soaking up of 97 % of CO2 is observed. At high flow rate i.e. after 230 kilogram mol/hr the consequence of flow rate on soaking up does non demo the same increasing tendency. Model with different fluctuation of temperature was simulated but here the coincident consequence of flow rate between 20 & A deg C to 30 & A deg C on soaking up of CO2 have been shownFigure 10 molar ratio of NH3/CO2 Vs CO2 Absorbed %Figure 11 Consequence of flow rate of Aq.NH3 on soaking up of CO2Consequence of Temperature on CO2 AbsorptionIt is a good known fact that temperature is reciprocally related to the rate of soaking up, our simulation theoretical account besides gives the correspondent consequences. The system temperature was varied from 15 & A deg C to 40 & A deg C with different solvent per centum ( 10.5 % , 14 % and 20 % ) and there was a grade lessening in soaking up rate with the increasing temperature and addition in soaking up with lessening in temperature. The ensuing graph is shown.Figure 10 Consequence of Temperature on CO2 soaking upConsequence of NH3 concentration in solution on soaking up rateThe effects of ammonia concentration on CO2 soaking up rate are shown in graph. As the CO2 soaking up reaction progresses, the rates are higher for the solutions with higher ammonium hydroxide concentrations.As expected, CO2 took longer to divide through the solutions holding higher ammonia concentration. For overall absorptive of CO2, the information forms indicate out that it is more advantageous to utilize a higher concentration ammonia solution as CO2 absorbent. The decisions are the same at all three reaction temperatures. By utilizing 20 % AA at 15 & A deg C 96 % maximal soaking up is observed. Therefore 20 % AA solution was selected as the optimal solution.DecisionIn this work, a theoretical account has been developed and simulated, which aims at the control of CO2 gas which is continuously come ining to the environment from the brick industry in Pakistan and bring forth a fertiliser from the flue gases. It is for the first clip that the brick industry in Pakistan has been analyzed with this position that by spray aqueous ammonium hydroxide into existent fluke gas produced by a brick kiln can non merely gaining control CO2 but besides absorb SO2 and NOx from the fluke gas and specially gives a compound fertiliser as a by-product.Presently, there is merely one known commercial procedure that uses ammonium hydroxide to at the same time take SO2 and NOx from fluke gas within one reactor and bring forth assorted ammonium sulfate and nitrate fertiliserThe soaking up efficiency of CO2, SO2, and NOx in existent fluke gas from a coal-burning installation varies depending on the reaction conditions. The soaking up efficiency of CO2 and SO2 was found to increase with an addition in the concentration of aqueous ammonium hydroxide. Over the NH3/CO2 molar ratio of 1 to 1.5 that was tested, an d maximum the CO2 gaining control efficiency was measured at 1.5 is 97 % .The aqueous ammonium hydroxide soaking up solution was found to incorporate a assorted crystalline of ammonium hydrogen carbonate NH4HCO3 , ammonium sulphate ( NH4 ) 2SO4 , and ammonium nitrate NH4NO3thei chief constituents of a compound fertiliser. The captive CO2 in the aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution is in the signifier of HCO3 and CO3 -2. For a certain molar ratio of NH3/CO2, there is a balanced concentration of HCO3 and CO3 -2 in the assorted ammonia solution. By spraying the assorted ammonia solution into flue gas incorporating CO2, higher NH4HCO3 content ( higher HCO3 concentration ) in assorted solution can be obtained.

Lecture Fm

Vietnam National University HCMC International University SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION COURSE SYLLABUS BA016IU Fundamentals of pecuniary charge 1. COURSE STAFF Lecturer Ms. Phan Ng? c Anh, MBA Room 205 E-mail emailprotected edu. vn Consultation hours Thursday OR by appointment (preferred) Teaching Assistant TBA Should the students inclination to meet the staff outside the consultation hours, they are advised to make appointment in advance. 2. COURSE INFORMATION Prerequisite vogues Principles of Accounting 1 2. 1 Teaching times and LocationsLecture Saturday, 1300 1600 Venue C102 1 2 2. 2 Units of Credit 3 credits 2. 3 Parallel teaching in the course N/A 2. 4 Relationship of this course to others BA207U Fundamentals of Financial Management provides students with basic concepts of financial forethought. The course is provided based on understructure knowledge of financial accounting and economics. This course may fulfill requirements of curriculum for students majoring in b usiness administration in general however is the foundation for students majoring in finance and accounting.For those students that major in finance and accounting, they can take higher level of courses in finance after this course, to count for some, Corporate Finance, Financial Institutions and Market, enthronization and Portfolio Management, International Finance, etc. 2. 5 Approach to learning and teaching Employing the interactive learning and problem-based teaching approach, this course emphasizes the interaction between lecturers and students. The lecture materials resulting be uploaded in Blackboard to help the students to preview the materials and to concentrate on listening and critical thinking during the lecture.This will help students to interact with the lecturer during the classroom. The sessions for presentations and discussions comprise order case studies as well as answering some theoretical and conceptual questions, which help the students to see how the conce pts are applied in the real planetary business context. Students will present the case to the class and discuss with the peers. 3. COURSE AIMS AND OUTCOMES 3. 1 Course Aims The aim of this course is to expose students to and familiarize them with the theoretical frameworks and applicative matters of financial management..The learning experience will include an introduction to financial management time shelter of m maviny techniques of pricing of financial instruments such as bonds and stocks e rating of major projects the relationship between essay and return an introduction to smashing Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Portfolio theory and cost of seat of government and capital structuring. 3. 2 Student Learning Outcomes After completing the course, students should be able to * Explain the purpose, goals, and importance of financial management * Understand the relationship between risk and return Understand time value of money and possess skills to convert financial time values * Make basic valuation of bonds, stocks, and investment projects * estimate capital budgeting alternatives, using the firms cost of capital in conjunction with internal rate of return and net present value techniques * account cost of capital and capital structure. 3. 3 Teaching Strategies The learning system in this course consists of lectures and discussions. Lectures elaborate the appropriate theoretical content in the textbook and indicants.Classes provide a more detailed and refined analysis of both concepts and applied materials. Classes are strongly oriented towards interactive discussion of the text and cases. 4. learner RESPONSIBILITIES AND CONDUCT 4. 1 Workload It is expect that the students will spend at least eight hours per week studying this course. This time should be made up of reading, research, working on exercises and problems, and attending classes. In periods where they need to complete assignments or prepare for examinations, the workload may be greater. 4. 2 AttendanceClass Attendance is Mandatory. Roll will be taken by random quizzes submissions at times of classes. University regulations indicate that if students attend less than eighty per cent of scheduled classes they may be refused last(a) estimation. Exemptions may only be made on medical grounds. 4. 3 General Conduct and Behavior Beepers, cell phones, and pagers need to be turned score before entering the classroom. The students are expected to conduct themselves with consideration and respect for the needs of the fellow students and teaching staff.Conduct which unduly disrupts or interferes with a class, such as ringing or talking on mobile phones, is not acceptable and students will be asked to leave the class. 4. 4 Keeping advised The students should take line of credit of all announcements made in lectures or on the courses Blackboard. From time to time, the university will send important announcements to their university e-mail addresses without providing a paper copy. The students will be deemed to have received this information. 5. LEARNING ASSESSMENT 5. 1 Formal RequirementsIn order to pass this course, the students must * achieve a composite mark of at least 50 and * make a satisfactory attempt at all assessment tasks (see below). 5. 2 Assessment Details Two Class tests 30% Mid-Term Exam 30% Final Exam 40% Total 100% Mid-term Exam and Final Exam Mid-term and final test will be a combination of short answer questions, application problems and multiple-choice questions and will cover all the reading, homework, and lectures associated with the topics noted on the reading list. 5. 4 Class participationStudents are expected to attend class regularly, and are responsible for materials covered during their absences. Although it is the responsibility of the student for non-attendance, the lecturer has full authority to drop a student for excessive absences. 5. 5 Special Consideration Request for special consideration (for final examination only) must be made to the Office of Academic Affairs within one week after the examination. General policy and information on special consideration can be found at the Office of Academic Affairs. 6. academician HONESTY AND PLAGIARISMPlagiarism is the presentation of the thoughts or work of another as ones own (definition proposed by the University of Newcastle). Students are also reminded that careful time management is an important part of study and one of the identified causes of plagiarism is poor time management. Students should allow sufficient time for research, drafting, and the proper referencing of sources in preparing all assessment items. The university regards plagiarism as a form of academic misconduct, and has very strict rules regarding plagiarism. 7. STUDENT RESOURCES 7. Course Resources Required textbook Brealey, R. A. , Myers, S. C. and Marcus, A. J. , Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 5th ed, McGraw cumulation 2007 Note the course will cover Chapter 1 12 Recommende d readings Recommended website http//highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/007353062x/information_center_view0/ http//www. mhhe. com/business/finance/corpfinonline/. Choose Finance Tutor Series. www. finance. yahoo. com www. bloomberge. com www. reuters. com www. vneconomy. com www. efinance. com. vn Other recommended books Brigham, E. F. and Houston, J. F. 2007), Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11th edn, South-Western. Ross, S. A. , Westerfield, R. W. , and Jordan, B. D. (2010) Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 7th ed, McGraw Hill. Additional materials provided in Blackboard The lecturer will attempt to make lecture notes and additional reading available on Blackboard. However this is not an automatic entitlement for students doing this subject. Note that this is not a distance learning course, and you are expected to attend lectures and take notes. This way, you will get the additional benefit of class interaction and demonstration. 7. Other Resources, Support and Information 1 Additional learning assistance is available for students in this course and will be made available in Blackboard. Academic journal articles are available through connections via the VNU Central Library. Recommended articles will be duly informed to the students. 8. COURSE SCHEDULE Week Topic Learning materials 1 Introduction to corporate financeIntroduction CorporationGoals of the corporationAgency problemsFinancial DecisionInvestment DecisionFinancing DecisionDividend PolicyRoles of Financial ManagerWhy corporations need financial foodstuffs?Functions of financial markets and intermedias Textbook, Chapter 1 2 prison term comfort of MoneyBasic conceptsTime line/ Future values (FV)/ Present values (PV)Simple interest rate (SR)/ Compound interest rate(CR)Multiple capital flowsFuture value of Multiple Cash FlowsPresent value of Multiple Cash FlowsPerpetuity cash flowsPresent abide by of a PerpetuityOrdinary annuity cash flow/ Annuity due cash flow Future Value of an AnnuityPresen t Value of an Annuity Textbook, Chapter 4 3 Time Value of Money (Cont. Growing ordinary annuity cash flow/ Growing annuity due cash flow Future Value of an growing annuityPresent Value of an growing annuityMortgate loansInflation and time value of moneyReal versus nominal cash flowsEffective annual interest ratesQuiz 1 Textbook, Chapter 4 4 Bonds and their evaluationBond characteristicsBond evaluationCoupon bonds, semi-annual coupon bondsZero-coupon bondsBond yieldCurrent yieldYield to maturity (YTM)Rate of returnRelationship between market interest rate and bond priceBond premiums and bond discounts Textbook, Chapter 5 5 Stock and their evaluationEquity versus debtCommon stocks Preferred stocksBook values, Liquidation values, and Market valuesStock valuation Dividend Discount Model (DDM)Zero growth common stocksConstant growth common stocksDifferential growth common stocksPreferred stocksGrowth stocks and Income stocksMid-Term Textbook, Chapter 6 6 Project Investment Criteria and C apital Budgeting DecisionCapital budgeting decisionCapital budgeting processProject classificationsNet Present Value (NPV) methodInternal Rate of Return (IRR) methodPayback Period (PP)/ Discount Payback period (DPP) methodProfitability Index (PI) Textbook, Chapters 7 7 Project Investment Criteria and Capital Budgeting (Cont. Principles of identifying cash flowsCalculating Cash Flows Capital investmentOperating cash flowsInvestment in working capitalTerminal-year incremental cash flowMinicaseQuiz 2 Textbook, Chapter 8 8 Introduction to hazard, Return and Opportunity Cost of CapitalIntroduction relationship between Risk and ReturnHistorical overview of risk and returnRates of returnMeasuring riskVariance and standard deviation Risk and diversificationDiversificationAsset versus portfolio riskVariance and standard deviation of returns for a two-asset portfolioUnique risk versus market risk Textbook, Chapters 10 9 Risk, Return and capital budgetingMeasuring market riskConcept of betaP ortfolio betasRisk and returnCapital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)Security Market Line (SML)Capital budgeting and Project Risk Textbook, Chapter 11 10 Capital Structure and Cost of CapitalMeasuring capital structureMarket versus book weightCost of capital Cost of debtCost of preferred stocksCost of equityCost of retained earningWeighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)WACC and business evaluation Textbook, Chapter 12 11 Revision 1 . This is adapted with kind leave from the University of New South Wales.

Team to Achieve Milennium

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF USING TEAMS to ACHIEVE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS CASE STUDY FOR HCA 6225-01 California State University east Bay Hayward 02/21/13 1. One feature of the team in this case is frequent disturbance among team members. How index turnoer among team members move team performance? What approaches squirt team leaders to take to minimize potential negative impacts of turnover and gain advantages, if any? Employee/team member turnover may be mostly a negative resultant role, yet it tail assembly become positive if only controlled by the organization correctly and seizely.Turnover is often use as an indicator of the organization performance and it can easily be observed negatively towards the organizations efficiency and effectiveness. Also, turnover is a instinctive outcome of an organization which is why it has to be kept to a minimum. In order to minimize the impact of turnover is to first address and understand the issue and cause of the turnover. The purp ose of knowing is to raise alertness as to investigate for the why.Once the organization finds out the reasons and cause of turnover, there are variety of actions that the organizations and leading can execute in order to prevent the effects and impacts of turnover. By ensuring that management learns the cause of turnover and act accordingly, turnover may be reduces or controlled. Lyman Coleman (1989) offers ideas on how to correct and prevent turnovers. His recommendation includes institution of exit interviews and other methods of de last reasons for great deal turnover. Also the following * Get involved in finding our the cause of turnover Bring attention to bottom line figures and how turnover affects everyone * Have an open admittance policy style of managing to allow members to comment on what might be bothering them about their job and roles. * Realize there is more that one problem and pay attention to all. Stay alert * Execute hebdomadal audits of job satisfaction * Ha ve strict hiring standards * Develop and constant training strategies * Conduct member meetings One of the best recommendation is to dupe open door policy that will allows the team leaders/organization to hear of issues prior to escalating.Finding and learning about the member job satisfaction and exhaustion early can eliminate turnover. But on the other hand, turnover can be beneficial to the organization by learning which team member to elimination/terminating deplorable performances that affect the organizations performance, this allowing for internal promotion and hiring new team members with innovative ideas. New team members can often bring positive input into the organization that can help handle turnover (Cintron, p4) In class lectures, team characteristics are discuss which are the following * ag chemical group size, composition, and diversity Too few or too many members may reduce performance * Diversity affects way individuals perceive each other and how well they work together * Status differences * whitethorn motivate others or act as source of conflict and tension * Psychological safety * Perceptions about consequences of inter individualised risks in work environment * Team norms * Standard donationd by team members regulating member behaviour * Team cohesiveness * Extent members are committed to group task As a result it will follow into the model of team effectiveness. (HCA 6225, CH5) 2.Consumers or patients are sometimes involved in quality improvement teams, but in this role, they may feel that their voices are unimportant or that participation is symbolic rather than substantive. Do you think that consumers should be involved in the improvement teams in this case? Why or why not? If consumer involved, how can team leaders and members most effectively utilize their knowledge and insights? Consumers or patients can admit an important role in shaping managed care by expressing their voice on issues by participating in governance, managem ent or otherwise done representatives or by some combination of these.So I suggest yes that they should be involve on the team improvement teams. Their Participation refers to active involvement on implementation. They can participate in oversight, governance, operations, opinion surveys, and complaints. Also according to Rodwin, the aims of early Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) parallel those of consumer/ patient deeds. Managed care offers many benefits. It can add access to primary and preventive care (with minimal or no out of pocket costs). It can also monitor and improve the practices of physicians and other wellness care countenancers and coordinate and rationalize the services of specialists.It can also control spending. Consumer involvement can put managers in touch with the experience and desires of customers. It can provide balance and perspective. Although they are being part of the team performance, their voice should be limited and watch over. Consumer voice , participation and representation programs, however, need to be viewed critically because they might demand too many services and can become divided and polarize issues, leading to increased conflict. So therefore, future challenge is to foster balanced, appropriate and effective use of consumer voice. 3.Even when team improvement efforts achieve change, the sustainability of change remains a pervasive challenge. In fact, sustainability of the teams may be problematic. What are the particular obstacles to sustaining the improvements achieved by teams in this case? Similarly, what factors might lead to the dissolution of the improvement teams over time? As a team leader, what strategic might be apply to sustain change and to uphold the vitality of the team over time? Although teams have the capability to boost productivity and improve quality, they can also have the potential to increase costs and stress.As a result it can lead to lack of communication and motivation that can lead to the dissolution of the improvement of the teams over time. Team leadership should have skills pertaining to conflict resolution, overcoming communication obstacles, and effective structure techniques. Understanding the five stages of team development, which are the following set up 1 Forming In the Forming stage, personal transaction are characterized by dependence. convention members rely on safe, patterned behavior and look to the group leader for guidance and direction.Group members have a desire for acceptance by the group and a need to know that the group is safe. They set about gathering impressions and data about the similarities and differences among them and forming preferences for future subgrouping. Rules of behavior seem to be to keep things simple and to avoid controversy. Serious topics and feelings are avoided. The major(ip) task functions also concern orientation. Members guarantee to become oriented to the tasks as well as to one another. Discussion centers a round defining the scope of the task, how to approach it, and similar concerns.To grow from this stage to the next, each member must step down the comfort of non-threatening topics and risk the possibility of conflict. Stage 2 Storming The next stage, called Storming, is characterized by competition and conflict in the personal- relations dimension an organization in the task-functions dimension. As the group members attempt to organize for the task, conflict inevitably results in their personal relations. Individuals have to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the group organization.Because of fear of exposure or fear of failure, there will be an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. Although conflicts may or may not surface as group issues, they do exist. Questions will arise about who is going to be responsible for what, what the rules are, what the reward system is, and what criteria for evaluation are. These reflect confl icts over leadership, structure, power, and authority. There may be wide swings in members behavior based on emerging issues of competition and hostilities.Because of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain completely silent while others attempt to dominate. In order to progress to the next stage, group members must move from a testing and proving mentality to a problem-solving mentality. The most important trait in helping groups to move on to the next stage seems to be the ability to listen. Stage 3 Norming In the Norming stage, interpersonal relations are characterized by cohesion. Group members are engaged in active acknowledgment of all members contributions, community building and maintenance, and solving of group issues.Members are willing to change their preconceived ideas or opinions on the basis of facts presented by other members, and they actively ask questions of one another. Leadership is shared, and cliques dissolve. When members begin to k now-and identify with-one another, the level of trust in their personal relations contributes to the development of group cohesion. It is during this stage of development (assuming the group gets this far) that people begin to experience a sense of group belonging and a feeling of remainder as a result of resolving interpersonal conflicts.The major task function of stage three is the data flow between group members They share feelings and ideas, solicit and give feedback to one another, and explore actions related to the task. Creativity is high. If this stage of data flow and cohesion is attained by the group members, their interactions are characterized by openness and sharing of information on both a personal and task level. They feel good about being part of an effective group. The major drawback of the norming stage is that members may begin to fear the inevitable future breakup of the group they may resist change of any sort.Stage 4 do The Performing stage is not reached by all groups. If group members are able to evolve to stage four, their capacity, range, and depth of personal relations expand to true interdependence. In this stage, people can work independently, in subgroups, or as a total unit with equal facility. Their roles and authorities dynamically adjust to the changing needfully of the group and individuals. Stage four is marked by interdependence in personal relations and problem solving in the realm of task functions. By now, the group should be most productive.Individual members have become self-assuring, and the need for group approval is past. Members are both highly task oriented and highly people oriented. There is unity group identity is complete, group morale is high, and group loyalty is intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading toward optimal solutions and optimum group development. There is support for experimentation in solving problems and an emphasis on achievement. The overall goal is productivity through problem solving and work. Stage 5 AdjourningThe final stage, Adjourning, involves the termination of task behaviors and disengagement from relationships. A planned conclusion usually includes recognition for participation and achievement and an opportunity for members to say personal goodbyes. Concluding a group can create some apprehension in effect, a minor crisis. The termination of the group is a regressive movement from giving up control to giving up inclusion in the group. The most effective interventions in this stage are those that facilitate task termination and the disengagement process. Reference Burns, L. Bradley, E. , and Weiner, B. (2012). Shortell & Kaluznys Health Care vigilance Organization Design Behavior, (6th Edition), Clifton Park, New York Delmar Cengage Learning. Cintron, Rene. Employee Turnover Causes, Effects, and Prevention. Retrieved on February 09, 2013 from www. renecintron. com/files/Employee_Turnover. doc Coleman, L. G (1989, December 4) Hum an Resources Management An Experimental Approach )2nd custom edition) Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. HCA 6225-01. Chapter 05 powerpoint. Retrieved on February 08,2013 from https//bb. csueastbay. du/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp? tab_tab_group_id=_30_1url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D%20_396854_1%26url%3D Marc A. Rodwin, May 1998. Address comments to Marc A. Rodwin, subsume Professor, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. 47405 Tuckman, B. (1965) Developmental Sequence in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384-399.? Tuckman, B. Jensen, M. (1977) Stages of Small Group Development. Group and Organizational Studies, 2, 419- 427. http//www. drexel. edu/oca/l/tipsheets/Group_Development. pdf

Gerard Manley Hopkins Essay

The Windhover, by Gerard Manley Hopkins is a poem or so the essence of natural issues. This poem describes the family relationship of gentlemans gentleman beings to the natural initiation as the poet is addressing God through the chick. It is praising him for all the marvellous things He has created and that humans can enjoy. The poem consists in three verses. In the first verse, the poet describes the power of the darn as it is portrayed as the master of heavens. This verse captures the movement of the bird in the sky.It starts with I caught this morning mornings minion that gives the touch that the bird is a servant of the sky and it is the morning because it is a good time for hunting. Hopkins puts words together like dapple dawn-drawn to portray multi-images as here(predicate) where the bird is drawn in the sky. Also, the alliteration here produces the effect of the birds movement in the air and the intensity of the poems whole step. The former writes that the bird i s striding high there and this produces the image that the bird is taking huge steps in the air.The bird also rung upon the rein of a wimpling wing showing his power and control with ecstasy. The bird has control over the wind. The rhythm in this verse is very(prenominal) slow, yet steady. This verse consists in very long sentences that convey the effect that the bird is circling the air with long movements it also reflects the poets feelings. This verse gives as the feeling that he poet has searched very well the words to describe his feelings but at the same time describing the bird. He searches for words that sound as they are written for example sweeps smooth.The second verse consists solely of three lines explaining how the bird spots its pray and here, the mantrap of the bird is more accentuated when the author uses Brute beauty to describe how beautiful the bird is, even when it is hunting. The word brute has an impact on the readers because this word style violent, wild, but here, the author uses it to emphasize that the beauty is a different kind of beauty that it is a kinglike beauty, so marvellous and magnificent that there is no better word to describe it than brute.The poem reaches to the finish when the bird spots the pray and the author writes here buckle as if warning us for action. To be prepared. From now on, the rhythm is more steady with lots of comas and faster than the first verse. This gives us the effect that the bird is now descending towards its pray. At the end of this verse, the author addresses to God as Oh my chevalier and this is to thank Him for creating much(prenominal) marvellous things as the bird, full of Brute beauty so that humans can enjoy, even though it is only by watching them.When the author addresses to God, the rhythm changes. This matches the ecstasy of the bird in his own personal mastery of the sky. The last verse consists also in three lines, and here, the relationship of human beings to the natural wor ld is also portrayed. This verse is more as a pronouncement. Here the author stops speaking astir(predicate) the bird and makes us realise how Gods beauty of creation is in everything, even in things where there is no apparent beauty. This is achieved also when Hopkins starts talking about how the shi er plid makes even plough beautiful and how blue-bleak embers are also beautiful. In conclusion, I think that Hopkins decides to first start talking about the Windhover and about its Brute beauty to then compare it to the beauty found in every thing of creation. He relates human being to the beauty of nature because the beauty found in nature comes from humans sacrifice. The words on Hopkins poem impact me because they make me realise how lucky we are to be part of creation and enjoy the beauty there is from Christs sacrifice.

Battle at the Pumps: Is there a solution for increasing prices?

Remember when grandad apply to tell stories of how bumbleoline cost $0. 10 a gallon when he first started driving? We laughed at the thought of anything costing less than a dollar, but with todays national number for accelerator pedal sitting at $3. 00 a gallon, the 300% determine increase is no laughing matter (Benton, 2007).If the price for shove along continues to increase at the rate it is now, our children bequeath be the wizards finding temper in our silly rants of settleing $90. 00 to fill our SUV tanks. Gas hikes and price gouging argon issues that most Americans would rather non be associated with.Nevertheless, we all lock away shoot jobs to go to and errands to run. So, while whatsoever argue that the price increases argon just a part of inflation, thither be more arguing that screw up pricing is a game of politics. Either way, we all will continue to pay what we have to go get from direct A to point B. Targeting when petrol hikes became such a hot issue dates back to the infamous Katrina chance in August of 2005. In addition to the catastrophic storm, some claim that politics also dissemble a part in price determination.Whatever the reason, a solution must be desire. appreciatively, there ar a few solution-seekers come on there who be actively searching for ways to make spirit in the eld of $3. 00 plus per gallon a bit more tolerable, albeit still an, ah-hem, unpleasant issue. Collaborations surrounded by companies, innovations in vehicles, and vehicle purchasing incentives are all ways businesses are working together to none the bitterness at bay. Nevertheless, many of us wont be happy until we are in all dependent on our own resources for the precious commodity.So, while we will never see the same prices Grandpa paid for muff pedal in our life duration, reviewing the causes and finding solutions are the only ways we will avoid victorious out a second mortgage just to put gas in the cars. Immediately after(prenom inal) Hurricane Katrina, Americans panicked, and fearful gas retailers began a behave that was, for the most part, unheard of. Lines of petrol-starved automobiles passage of arms at the Pumps 3 set themselves at gas pumps, struggling to get every last drop of gas available onwards it was all gone.Rumors of depleted gas barrel supply sent small town gasoline retailers, as well as few big city retailers into gouging mode. Within hours, prices went from $2. 00 to just over $3. 00 a gallon in states such as Texas and Louisiana, the states closest to the disaster (AP, 2005). Another spark contributing to the gas fire blazing at the pumps is the claim that election years tend to send gas prices into a rollercoaster pattern land in the beginning elections, and up after elections. In fact, Joe Benton of ConsumerAffairs. com writes that pre-election gas prices averaged $2.50 a gallon, and that gas prices are sure to rise againright after the midterm elections (2006). Mr. Benton was cor rect. Just after the elections the national average for gas prices increased 12. 5 cents in December, and has steadily continued to rise. Though the decrease is unexplainable, rest guarantee that the elections have nothing to do with it. If they were the reason for the decreased gas prices, however, most Americans would vie for periodic elections Unfortunately, for the disgruntled, the days paying less than $2. 00 a gallon for gasoline are long gone.In fact, we drivers, bus riders, airline passengers and hack writer goers must continue the suffrage, as melees to locate the best gas source is continued. Until one is found, companies, manufacturers and even the organization are giving a go at attempts to soften the blows of outrageously priced petro. The battle of fair gas prices has produced an effort among many to seek ways around getting hosed at the pump. For example, John Wakefield of Murphy vegetable anele color smoke, states that Murphy USAs goal is to be a low cost pro vider to the communities they resolve (2006).To comply with this statement, Murphy USA has collaborated with discount retailer, Wal-Mart, in order to offer a minimum of a three-cent discount for those who purchase fuel with a Wal-Mart gift card. This allows Murphy USA to maintain its position in offering a below average price for Battle at the Pumps 4 gasoline passim the nation (Wakefield, 2006). Additionally, manufacturers, such as Ford and Chevy, have joined in the labors of providing an alternative for gas guzzle vehicles. Their answer to the gas price dilemma has been to increase promotion of hybridisation and flex-fuel vehicles. intercrossed vehicles, although in existence for many years, have cause a popular choice for saving dollars at the pump, as have flex-fuel vehicles. Hybrid vehicles combine both the gasoline-powered and electric powered sources under the hood in order to increase the remoteness between fill-ups, which, in turn, saves one from filling up as often a s with a purely gas-powered vehicle (Layton, 2007) Similarly, flex-fuel vehicles (FFV), which have been around for a number of years as well, are also intentional to combine power sources in order save on gasoline usage.In the FFV case, a combination of gasoline and E85 fuel work together to increase the number of miles driven between fill-ups, resulting in dollars saved (USDoE, 2007). The down side to both types of vehicles, however, is that they both cost a pretty penny, which brings us back to where we started angry nigh consumption mega-bucks just to drive. On the contrary, there is an up-side to the hybrid vehicle The government offers a tax identification to those who purchase a hybrid (USDoE, 2007).Thats greatif you can fall in the high price cover attached to the hybrid. But if you cant, what else is the government doing to ensure that we dont go bankrupt at the pumps? Though they sometimes seem like the bad guys, the government is making attempts to keep Americans fr om going into box matches with gas station attendants. Along with offering incentives to those who choose to finance or straight-out purchase hybrid vehicles, they are also looking out for the little peoplethose who cant afford to pay the $4.00 per gallon price tag that has become a frequenter of many gas stations crosswise America post Katrina. Price gouging, or pricing above the market when demand increases, was a practice few were aware of before Battle at the Pump 5 August of 2005. However, when disaster struck, gas retailers took action, regardless of who it would affect. Soon, consumers were left with no where to turn and had no choice but to pay for overpriced fuel. Thankfully Super Government with its flowing red, white and blue cape came to our rescue, regulating pricing among gas retailers.Although there is no rectitude against price gouging, suspicious pricing will entail an investigation. In August 2005, the qualification Department created a hotline for people who fe ll victim to price gouging (Pope, 2005). Though efforts have been do, without a law to formally enforce a no price gouging allowed law, the problem, though not as wide dissipate as it had been initially, still exists. Gradually, as demand has continues to outweigh the supply of gasoline available, price gouging has sneakily made itself an accepted practice.Investigations pending for suspected price gougers, the government is also seeking ways for America to become less dependent on international sources to keep America on the roads and in the air. As we wearily trudge to the pumps prepared to sacrifice our limbs just for a few gallons of gas, alternatives are being sought in order to use domestic sources for fuel. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel derived from sources such as vegetable oils and recycled restaurant greases, is just one of the alternative fuels being researched for common use among Americans.In May of 2005, President scrub announced that efforts in making Biodiesel a mai n source for fuel were in the works, and estimated that by 2010, our country will become solely dependent on itself to fuel our vehicles, planes and trains (Bush, 2005). Upon receiving the news, farmers across America gained new apply in assisting in the effort to solve the ongoing problem of finding fuel alternatives. But one cant help but wonder What about those folks who cant afford to transition into a vehicle that runs on the fuel alternatives soon to be available?This is, indeed, has the Battle at the Pumps 6 potential to cripple hopes of becoming domestically dependent. Look around the next time you are on the road and you will see cars dating back to the early 60s and beyond. For some people, driving these vintage vehicles is a choice, but for others, it is unavoidable. It makes sense to assume that if we all had the money to drive a modern day vehicle, we would. But for those people who are stuck in that 1976 beat-up Nova, gas prices are still an issue that fuel alternati ves wont solve.Needless to say, if President Bush is determined for America to depend on ourselves for fuel, tapping into the oil sources available on our own soil is required. This, however, presents another problem Once the soil is broken, where do those who live on the land go? The vast lands of Alaska are notorious for housing thousands of acres of untapped oil reserves. However, on those acres, life exists. Caribou, bison, bears, elk and even people inhabit these lands. For years, these habitors have been the reason that the oil reserves Alaska has to offer have gone undisturbed.Nature activists have long protested the spoiling of the majestic lands across the Artic coastline. For this, we have continued to rely on countries such as the Middle Eastern lands, for oil. Years of jokes, ridicule and banter have been directed at presidents, past and present, as well as the government in general, for not making stronger efforts in aggressively utilizing this land, regardless of who is affected. With pretty much no choice, President Bush proposed a plan to break ground along the Artic coastline in order to make use of the untapped oil lying beneath the thick blankets of frozen land and fluffed snow (Rosen, 2003).There continues, as expected, to be protests against the efforts, to include the protests of the Inupiat Eskimos, who powerfully feel that none of the villages in this region of Alaska will support the proposed project. Ultimately, someone is going to be unhappy. Battle at the Pump 7 To those who have decided to put on party hats in jubilancy of the anticipated Alaskan oil tapping project dont mess up your dos just yet. The future in gas pricing will continue a long time pattern that Grandpa, Grandma, Dad and Mom have all had the unpleasant chore of experiencing.The crystal ball of gas prices forecasts continued increases. While the rise may not be in fuel pricing, many will feel the impact of whatever solution is utilized to control this currently unc ontrollable nuisance. While scientists are doing their best to resolve all issues with fuel alternatives, some alternatives, such as hydrogen, will pose an primarily predicted problem older vehicles would have to undergo a complete replacement of their fueling systems. Alas, the efforts to seek out solutions must continue.Though many efforts have been made to resolve the long time issue of inflated gas prices, as weeks go by, Americans resume the struggle with unfair gouging and seemingly unnecessary price hikes. It seems almost impossible to consider the alternatives of spending money on gasheaven forbid we actually walk anywhere. Unfortunately, this dread predicament weve found ourselves in appears to be without light. The only way to pleasantly endure the task of spending money is towellspend money.To ensure that we survive this rain cloud, we can either cross our fingers for monthly elections (for the benefit of price drops), or we can purchase hybrid vehicles, stop in at the topical anaesthetic Wal-Mart to purchase a gift cards, and gas up at Murphy USA. So, although solutions are being attempted, before you visit the gas pumps, be prepared to give up your first born child. References 1. $3. 00 Gas Spreads to 7 States, D. C. (April 27, 2007) ConsumerAffairs. com Benton, J. April 27, 2007. http//www. consumeraffairs. com/news04/2007/04/gas_prices141. html 2. Bush plans on drilling in untapped Alaskan oil reserve.(Dec. 13, 2003) Reuters Rosen, Y. April 27, 2007. http//www. commondreams. org/headlines03/1213-03. htm 3. Congress moves to criminalise gas gouging. (Sept. 19, 2005) SeattlePI. com Pope, C. April 27, 2007. http//seattlepi. nwsource. com/national/241244_gouging19. html 4. Election loom gas prices drop. (Sept. 13, 2006) ConsumerAffairs. com Benton, J. April 27, 2007. http//www. consumeraffairs. com/news04/2006/09/big_oil. html 5. Flex-Fuel Vehicles. (2007) FuelEconomy. Gov US Dept. of Energy (USDoE) April 27, 2007. http//www. fueleconomy. gov/f eg/flextech. shtml 6.Gov urges gas-price investigation. (Sept. 21, 2005) CBS countersign Associated Press (AP). April 27, 2007 http//www. cbsnews. com/stories/2005/09/21/katrina/main870784. shtml 7. How hybrid cars work. (2007) HowStuffWorks, Inc. Layton, J & Nice, K. April 27, 2007. http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car. htm 8. Murphy USA Refining and Marketing. (2006) Murphy Oil Corporation Wakefield, J. April 27, 2007. http//murphyusa. com/rm/retail/ 9. President discusses biodiesel. (2005) The White House Bush, G. W. April 28, 2007. http//www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050516. html

Internet Marketing Essay

For my assignment I work for an profit consumer magazine, I have been asked to produce an article and will then analysis the benefits of internet marketing to customers. Customers have gained massively from the use of the internet. As the number of exploiters of the internet increases more and more customers will shop online. Listed below ar some of the benefits of the internet for the customer. Customers stay updatedCustomers are kept updated with point of intersection information either via the website or emails. With the internet now becoming mobile, through 3G technology and Wi-Fi, customers can be kept updated almost in touchable metre. Customers can compare onlineOne of the greatest advantages for the customer is that they can compare products or services they tender to procure from the comfort of their own homes. Instead of visiting a number of different retail outlets, the user simply has to open different window tabs to compare prices or features of the product/servic e they wish to purchase. umteen retailing websites offer the facility where different products they sell can now be easily compared. in that location is also price comparison websites that customers can use to get the best possible price for their products. discharge product information for the customerWebsites offer clear product information on the product or service. There is little chance of misinterpretation or mishearing what the sales person said. Transparent pricing determine online is very clear and transparent for the customer. Customers can take advantages of pricing that may change regularly or take advantages of special offers that last for a limited period. Track your purchaseConsumers have to pay for their product /service before they receive it. It is important that consumers feel reassured when this happens. Many websites allow consumers to track their purchase from order, dispatch to transportation before delivery to their home address. Again this reassures the consumer and makes them feel that they are obtaining a veracious service online. Reduction in personal carbon footprint.As consumer spend more time shop online and use their cars less. Their personal carbon footprint is reduced. 24/7 Shopping There is no time restriction on when a consumer can shop online. Many online sales now start at midnight on a particular day encouraging customers to shop all hours of the day.