Fiber Optic Technology Used in US Airforce

The optic fiber owed its origin to the development of optical voice transmission system known a photophone by Alexander Graham Bell during the year 1880. The photophone applying free space light could carry the human voice 200 meters. The fiber optical technology has a significant progress during the second half of the twentieth century. The initial success in this regard occurs during the 1950s with the development of fiberscope, an image transmitting device. This used first practical all-glass fiber and concurrently devised by Brian O' Brien at the American Optical Company and Narinder Kapany, who first devised the terminology ‘fiber optics' in 1956 and colleagues at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. The fiberscope soon applied in the inspecting welds inside reactor vessels and combustion chambers of jet aircraft engines as well as in the medical field. The Fiberscope technology has evolved over the period of time to facilitate laparoscopic surgery considered as one of the great medical advance of the twentieth century. The development of laser technology was considered as the next significant application of fiber optics. The laser diode — LD or the light-emitting diode — LED, had the prospective to evolve large amounts of light in a spot tiny enough to be applied for fiber optics. (A brief history of Fiber Optic Technology) Gordon Gould fostered the idea of applying lasers, describing it as an intense light source. Soon after, Charles Townes and Arthus Schawlow at Bell Laboratories worked on use of the laser in scientific circles. The laser evolved through many generations in terms of ruby laser and the helium-neon laser in 1960 until the realization of semiconductor lasers in 1962. The higher modulation frequency capability of the lasers attracted the scientists to apply this in the filed of communication engineering. Light is realized to have an information carrying capacity of 10,000 times that of the highest radio frequencies being applied. The US military responded rapidly to apply fiber optics for improved communications and tactical systems. The US navy in the early 1970s established a fiber optic telephone link aboard the USS Little Rock. The Air Force developed its Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology — ALOFT program in the year 1976. Such initial successes encouraged military R & D funding for development of stronger fiber, tactical cables, ruggedized, high performance components and several demonstrations starting from aircraft to undersea applications. After the installation of fiber optic telephone system in Chicago and Boston by both AT & T and GTE marked the beginning of commercial application of Fiber optics. (A brief history of Fiber Optic Technology) Presently, the application of fiber optic technology including wave division multiplexing fiber optics is increasingly prevalent in commercial aircraft and satellite systems with the growth of many commercial suppliers. Now the 10 gigabit fiber optic Ethernet in the sphere of many systems and also in aircraft avionic systems is more prevalent. Moreover, the Fiber Channel and Firewire systems also widely applied in aircraft systems presently. However, such systems are not sufficiently strong and do not quickly respond to deterministic real time necessities like 1553B and ARINC 429 and do not deal with multiple level of security. To cater to such needs, system architectures particularly are a combination of copper and fiber with redundancies for robustness or replication for various security levels/enclaves. (Multi-Level Secure High-Speed Fiber-Optic Data Bus) A single optical fiber spread through out an aircraft in terms of ring architecture topology is seen have the prospective of meeting all the present and future bandwidth requirements, entailing solutions to different security level requirements, decline redundancies; accommodate all essential legacy and future protocol and timing necessities; being capable of maintenance over the life of the host platform, and significantly decrease weight power, cooling, electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility shielding and other confinements of prevailing remedies. This anticipates more efforts in applying the prevailing technology and constructing the integration elements for example, protocol adapters to generate a fiber-optic system backbone appropriate for present and future aircraft systems with low-cost, open and commercially available technology. (Multi-Level Secure High-Speed Fiber-Optic Data Bus) The next generation digital flight data recording system created by Raytheon Company, the Distributed Flight Data Acquisition Unit — DFDAU system depends primarily on fiber optic technology and remote sensors to gather and record quite considerable amounts of critical flight data on passenger aircraft. The application of technology will permit airliners to cater to the new Federal Aviation Administration regulations that necessitate digital flight data recorders to gather substantially more information than was earlier necessitated. The new regulations necessitate new aircrafts to have flight data recorders capable to monitoring up to 57 flight testing, Raytheon anticipates the system to be FAA certified and it will start installing the DFDAU in its Beech 1900D, 19 passenger regional airliner. (Fiber optic networks for flight data recorders) The DFDAU has been designed to entail detailed and accurate recording of pilot actions and aircraft responses during a flight by accumulation of information from multiple channel sensing and regulation modules that are integrated by optical fiber instead of traditional shielded, twisted pair wiring. Since intelligence can be collected from multiple sources distributed across the aircraft and shared through a single fiber optic cable, application of the system minimizes the cumbersome wiring and provides improved signal fidelity that is immune to electromagnetic interferences and failures in transmission. Additionally, the system can more easily safeguard one flight data recorder without the process of redundant wiring. Such advantage will entail considerable savings for airlines when additional flight data recorders are mandated for other destinations on passenger aircraft. The DFDAU system is expected to apply distributed processing to translate and route data received from over 160 sources and interfaces located across the aircraft. The system is devised to translate the data into an industry standard open protocol -SAE AS-5370- and then thereafter route the data to the 1900D's digital flight data recorder by applying a fault tolerant fiber optic network. The DFDAU system involves seven identical DFDAUs linked by fiber on the 1900D. Each DFDAU is able to capture physical parameters up to 32 sources like engine sensors, navigation, traffic collision avoidance system, gyros, position and force sensors along with the warning, deicing and other important systems, cockpit controls, autopilot, flight instruments, altitude and the Global positioning system, flight control surface position sensors. (Fiber optic networks for flight data recorders) Practically, the aerospace platforms universally have the capacity to take advantage of the distributed fiber optic sensors that could be applied in varied range of parameters. The military and commercial aircrafts presents bewildering maintenance costs presently soaring to tens of billions dollars in annual terms. The diagnostic system necessitates the system that can make way for the performance and the maintenance to be performed when required. This would permit improved levels of safety by insuring that essential tasks are being performed while reducing the amount of costs by eliminating the expensive and unnecessary amounts of procedures. Additional enhancement in safety and performance can be generated by integrating such systems into control systems to improve over that of flight control and assessment of in-flight damage. The applications of test beds to demonstrate the usage of distributed fiber sensor systems are seen in terms of reusable launch vehicle development programs which are advanced. (Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Systems for Harsh Aerospace Environments) Delta Clipper is one such application that had a system of fiber gathering based strain sensors integrated into its hydrogen fuel tank. This system at the beginning operated as backup to a set of electrical strain gages to represent new technology. Practically, some of the program managers were very doubtful regarding its usage. By the end of the program the intention had varied from the ‘why to apply optic grating based strain sensors while we are having electrical ones on board' to the ‘lets scrap the electrical strain gages that perform poorly and only use the fiber optic grating strain gages'. (Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Systems for Harsh Aerospace Environments) The advantages of this is seen in the possibility that the Fiber optic grating strain sensors can conveniently be grouped directly into a composite hydrogen tank becoming an important aspect of the structure, they do not fall when vibration and shock attacks; the fiber optic grating strain gages do not perform as an electrical hazard, they are light weight, superior in terms of environmental aspects, easy to install and can be multiplied in numbers through a single fiber line. Since fiber sensors persistently applied and proven in such advanced systems, the persistent decline in cost as a result of advances in the telecommunication and optoelectronic industries will continue to provide more cost effective types of applications for the purpose of military transports, military fighters, and commercial aviation. (Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Systems for Harsh Aerospace Environments) The in-Flight Entertainment has attained a high level of sophistication with the inception of a high bandwidth system by Rockwell Collins, Cedar Rapids, IA known as Passport. The system facilitates varied passenger amenities and also the Internet access. The system involves a fiber optic structure, associated with expanded-beam fiber-optic interconnects, an ATM switch and a downstream copper distribution system. The system servers originate optical digital signals and travel on the fiber structure. In its path downstream it converts to a Fire Wire distribution network that provides the signals to electronics boxes at individual passenger seats. The system incorporates the fiber-optic expanded beam interconnection technology from Tyco Electronics, Harrisburg, PA. Such connectors provide high dependability in extreme circumstances entailing thermal, vibration and mechanical stability for reliable transition of the light beams from one fiber to another. Other developments over a copper based system incorporate freedom from electromagnetic interference and crosstalk. (Fiber Optics Lift Aircraft Video-on-Demand Systems) The fiber system also declines considerably the weight and provides non-sparking contacts. The expanded beam technology safeguards and seals each fiber faces and ferrule behind a spherical lens instead of butting two fiber ends together. Such interconnection entails a precision coupling of fiber-optic signals without having physical contact at the fiber-to-fiber interfaces. The connectors modular format simplifies manufacturing, making it to be competitive in economic terms with traditional interconnect technologies. The blind-mating is facilitated by the precision alignment pins; those which are quite integral to the connector. The Passport has already functioned successfully without flaws for a year in commercial aircraft and the technology has surpassed to military aircraft for in-flight networks. Tyco also works towards the expansion of beam fiber optic connector technology to discover its wide application in the rugged industrial usages. Such new fiber optic connectors also cater to the avionics standard ARINC 628 for IFE systems. (Fiber Optics Lift Aircraft Video-on-Demand Systems) The fiber optic technology being developed by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center — DFRC, Edwards, California appears to be an integral element of future aircraft system in the development programs for fighter aircraft, and new large transport aircraft, and have considered fiber optic technology as an important part of future aircraft systems. The traditional fly-by-wire system configurations sometimes necessitate unique interfaces for each fight control surface actuator that results in a large amount of wiring. The Fiber optics has been regarded as aerospace vehicle application due to its high bandwidth capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference — EMI, and considerable weight savings. This technology has been applied in a new smart actuator as the primary communication interface. The application of fiber optics makes easier system integration and considerably decreased the wire count. The flight test outcomes revealed that fiber optics could be conveniently being applied in aircraft systems and identified critical areas of development of fly-by-light technology. The smart actuator flight test program has demonstrated the possibility of fault monitoring, in-flight local control and redundancy management of surface actuator. (Zavala, Eddie. Fiber Optic Experience with the Smart Actuation System on the F-18 Systems Research Aircraft Eddie Zavala Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California) As the flight test reveals the presentation of the smart actuator was exceptional and compared very well to that of the standard F-18 aileron actuator. Irrespective of the fact that the serial interface of the smart actuator could have been traditional forms of electrical interface, valuable fiber optic experience was being attained via the means of application of 1773 communication links. The system integration becomes more effective and simple in terms of bringing about a reduction of both installation time and cable harness weight considerably. The fiber optic interface, however, complicated the system of integration tests. The smart actuator program brought out the significant areas of development for the general application of fiber optics in aerospace vehicle systems. Such critical areas apply to a broad range of fiber optic applications and will thereby influence the system of operation and reliability unless specific attention and considerable progress is being made. (Zavala, Eddie. Fiber Optic Experience with the Smart Actuation System on the F-18 Systems Research Aircraft Eddie Zavala Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California)

Life and Times of Louise Arbour

There is much to be said about this woman who has been working on the side of justice since 1971. Critics are omnipresent, but in the case of Louise Arbour, the simplest of facts sing loudly of her praises. This once young girl attended a convent school, pushed herself through college and University of Montreal, only to embark on an extraordinary journey of justice. Louise Arbour is a Canadian who makes a difference as a UN Commissioner, as a judge for the Supreme Court, and through her role in the Kingston Penitentiary Inquiry.There was an incredible report by Louise Arbour in the 1990's that rocked the boats of so many. Through this period of her life, she was working as a judge for the Court of Appeal of Ontario. Arbour's Inquiry into the Prison for Women at the Kingston Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario was a large and controversial move. There was an event at the prison on April 22, 1994 involving six female prisoners. They suffered abuse at the hands of management, the guards, and male inmates.They underwent illegal segregation, strip searches, and the list sadly goes on. Louise held media attention for really the first major time in her career over this, and was up against a surprising amount of criticism. Even some of the inmates, those that she was helping in the first place, felt â€Å"Arbour was too lenient with officials who violated prisoners' rights† (Driedger, 1996) SQ. Her report was extremely important in the changing of ways that female convicts are handled through the Correctional Service of Canada.Her demands were just and fair, and essentially led to the closure of the prison in 2008. Her report holds the Correctional Service of Canada to a much higher standard. Women have an equal voice on the inside now; they have rights. It was Secretary General Kofi Annan who named Arbour United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, which she graciously accepted in 2004. She had been working as chief prosecutor of war crimes for the Interna tional Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the former Yugoslav.While Louise Arbour's experience and knowledge was developed around the Canadian criminal justice system, her time in the United Nations had developed her knowledge and skill in international law (Louise Arbour (Cover Story), 2000) SUMM. Rwanda was on her list, and Louise managed the great victory of indictments due to genocide against former government ministers there (Louise Arbour (Cover Story), 2000) PARA. Meanwhile, Former Yugoslavian President Slobodan Milosevic was brought to trial at The Hague, thanks to Arbour, following his arrest for crimes against humanity.After a 5 year trial, justice was served when he died in his cell of natural causes in March 2006. While Louise was responsible for many convictions, investigations and preservations of human rights during her time serving the United Nations, and this is a case that stands out above the rest. There is still controversy over whether or not Louise fulfilled her position adequately during her roles in the U. N. However, a very important person took great notice of Arbour, and found her to be so successful that he bestowed upon her the chair on which she now sits; a judge for the Supreme Court of Canada.One of the Justices was finally retiring, and the opportunity for Arbour to take the seat was at hand. This would be Louise's final position until her retirement. It is well known that the Supreme Court of Canada handles important and usually high-profile cases, of things from administrative law to constitutional law, and everything in between. Sitting as Madame Justice on countless cases and making her rulings, casting her vote, Louise has made an impact on our country.It was the Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin (2004) who said it best: And then she plunged into her life as a member of this Court, with the energy and dedication that she brought to every faucet of her life. On the Court, she has been a vibrant, incisive, and inquisitive pr esence. She brought her extraordinary sense of humour to our deliberations, and unfailing moral commitments to our decisions. A court of nine judges is like the delicate movement of a clock and her departure will no doubt change the sound and rhythm of the Court. McLachlin, 2004)LQ With Louise and her devotion to the Rule of Law, the Supreme Court of Canada has prevailed in many cases, serving justice fairly and impartially. Louise has had her hand in many decisions, has written many articles, books, reports etc. She is an influential person; living testimony of the Rule of Law. Building her life on that very principle, others look to her for guidance, seek her counsel, and regard her words as truth. Through all of her works, especially those as Commissioner, Justice, and Judge, LouiseArbour has made an unforgettable impact who continues to make a difference. And Canada is proud to claim her as one of their own. Works Cited Driedger, S. &. (1996). The Prison System: ‘Cruel and Degrading'. Maclean's , pp. 109 (16), 24. INDEPTH: LOUSE ARBOUR. (2008, March 11). Retrieved from CBC News: www. cbc. ca/news Louise Arbour (Cover Story). (2000). Mclean's , pp. 113 (36), 44. Martin, P. (2004). Louise Arbour: Empathetic Judge. Time , 163 (17), 114. McLachlin, B. (2004, June 7). Judges of the Court. Retrieved from Supreme Court of Canada: www. scc-csc. gc. ca

Organization Behavior & Communication Essay

The following is a couple of the relationships that are considered when talking about Political Systems; Justice by definition means to be fair while treating others equally. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you and so forth. Judgment is the ability to effectively assess the situation. You must be able to accurately understand the implications of the situation you are in so that you can make good decisions. Judgment is also known as common sense. Dependability is nearly self explanatory. People must be able to depend on you to provide support, accurate information, guidance and motivation. People must be able to trust in your honesty as well as your competence. One useful way to look at conflict is in terms of power, rights, and interests. Framing the conflict as a power struggle, assertion of rights, or satisfaction of interests can dramatically affect the process and the outcome. If you are analyzing a conflict, identifying how the parties see the conflict in terms of power, rights, and interests can lead to transformative solutions not otherwise apparent. Power is the ability to have one’s way against the wishes of another. Voting seems to be a simple example, whether a vote is for political office or organizational positions, the voters have the power to choose. Psychic Prisons According to the psychic prison metaphor, organizations are seen as socially constructed realities based on unconscious preoccupations of people in the organization. These socially constructed realities or cultures may be experienced as problematic and confining, which is the reason why Morgan uses the term psychic prisons. Morgan subsumes several explanations of human behavior based on psychological mechanisms under the psychic prison metaphor most of these theories assume that people develop unconscious mechanisms, and construct realities, in order to handle anxiety and desire, and that these mechanisms and realities are reflected in. While Political Systems are more so a courageous act physically changing the system or situation, psychic prison works as it depicts a layer of organizational reality that is uncontrollable by nature conscious & unconscious processes, the two can work hand in hand.

Reflection report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Reflection report - Essay Example The lifeline of an organization has a close link with the organizational ability and power to innovate and re-innovate in order to keep the competitive advantage valid in the long run. The companies have to ensure that they find fresh streams of revenue on a regular basis so that they can keep their sales volume steady and intact over the passage of time (Badelt & Weiss, 1990). The companies have to deal with traditional and conventional needs and wants of the customers in a new and inventive way. In the language of marketing, one can say that modern companies require fulfilling expectations of the customers by innovating in terms of finding new ways to satisfy them. The featured company did not innovate on an operational level, but they took their offering to a new level by making a tough and difficult decision of going global when the odds against them were simply overwhelming to say the least. The company made a bold strategic choice of performing international market development (Auger, Burke, Devinney, & Louviere, 2003). The choice was valid, but it was risky, and that helped the company regarding tapping into the latent sources of revenue worldwide (Baron & Tang, 2011). The research effort lifted various sort of data and information about the company through running internet search, and the net profit remained significant in the year of 2011. The abovementioned annual period was lucrative in nature because the company started to reap benefits and results of the decision that involved taking the business to the global level (Elenkov, Judge, & Wright, 2005). The domestic markets were not generating sufficient returns, and therefore, the company had to innovate with reference to establishment of international outlets. The company was manufacturing sports and excursion goods, but they were not able to crunch significant corporate success in the opening years. Besides, the company was operating since 1892, and they decided that they did not have

Self Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Critique - Essay Example Entrepreneurs have to be extremely organized because at the beginning they are they only ones working for their business, so this means that they have to stay focused and on track at all times. In addition to my huge workload at school, I also have to make time for extra curricular activities. Finally, because entrepreneurs have to be so open to new ideas, they will inevitably have some failures along the way. As a student, I have done poorly in some of my classes but I did not let it stop me from doing well the next semester. The key was to wipe the slate clean and think of a new class as a fresh start, and I can do the same as a small business owner. In my opinion, my three greatest strengths as an entrepreneur would be the fact that I do not take advice well, have weak communication abilities, and am not very creative. Although entrepreneurs can be single-minded, there are some occasions when they need to take advice from someone else who may be more of an expert in a particular area. I am a very individual person and like to go with my own ideas because I know that I can trust them. Also, entrepreneurs have to be able to appeal to potential investors and/or partners to help with a small business. In my honest opinion, I do not sound very convincing when I am asking for help because I can feel somewhat embarrassed. Finally, entrepreneurs need to be creative and innovative because to make a difference in the marketplace they need to come up with something new. I struggle to do this because I am always afraid that something new will not be very successful, so I try to copy other designs somewhat. I can overcome my dislike of other people’s advice by keeping an open mind and remembering that I do not know everything. As long as the final decision is mine, then I am still in control and I can always change my mind if I need to. Also, I can overcome poor communication skills by practicing making pitches to other people. I need to remember

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Philosophy - Essay Example Their true forms, in Plato's mind, are permanent, eternal, and nonphysical. According to Plato, because sensory objects are not completely real, the empirical realm of tangible objects is not real. As such, any beliefs people derive from their experience with these objects are unclear and undependable; however, the principles of philosophy and mathematics, both of which are discovered through inner meditation on the Forms. These principles, according to Plato, represent the only true "knowledge." After taking Plato's views and descriptions of Forms, true knowledge is an attainable trait. Additionally, Plato asserted that knowledge is composed of two essential characteristics: certainty and genuine presence. Essentially, knowledge must be infallible and certain; there can be no room for interpretation or misunderstanding. True knowledge must be fool-proof and unwavering. Additionally, knowledge's corresponding object must be genuinely real as opposed to those objects that are present in appearance only. "Because that which is fully real must, for Plato, be fixed, permanent, and unchanging, he identified the real with the ideal realm of being as opposed to the physical world of becoming" (Plato, 2007, 9). These views resulted in Plato's... t to Plato's certain view of knowledge, Plato believed that those propositions derived through sensory experience have a high degree of probability; and as such, this experience cannot be certain. Additionally, the objects in the empirical realm, such as trees, are ever-changing phenomenon; they do not remain consistent and, therefore, the experiences will not remain constant. Plato's Republic contains his distinction between two levels of human awareness. These two levels are opinion and knowledge. According to Plato, any claims brought about by a person's experience in the empirical realm with a tangible object are classified as opinions only. Regardless if these opinions are founded on a solid base or not, opinions do not merit genuine knowledge. Knowledge, considered to be the higher of the two levels of awareness, entails logic and reasoning rather than experience. Logic and reasoning, if used correctly, will lead to intellectual insights. These insights are certain and, consequently, infallible. According to Plato, the representative objects of these intellectual insights are the eternal and permanent Forms. Therefore, according to Plato, the relationship between experience and knowledge is a complicated one. Experience does not, directly, lead to knowledge or equate to knowledge because experience is fallible and unreliable. One person may experience an event differently than another. What a person experiences at one time with a tangible object may change at a later time because tangible objects remain in a state of perpetual change. Alone, experience will result in the formulation of a person's opinions regarding an object. However, if logic and reasoning is applied to a person's experience, that person can reach a true knowledge about that object, and

Michel Foucault. Panopticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Michel Foucault. Panopticism - Essay Example This visibility is actually a trap: prisoners can see each other but cannot communicate. â€Å"The major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power† (Foucault). Paradoxical at first glance, Foucault’s writing parallels contemporary realities and conflicts. Panopticon exemplifies a unique analogy of present day surveillance relations and principles (Simon 2). Panopticon also closely resembles and redefines the essence of modern communications, particularly, the Internet (Winokur 1). Winokur suggests that, through the prism of Foucault’s writings, the Internet makes users question the mere essence of electronic communications and relations (1). Why the Panopticon-Internet relationship? The answer is simple: both operate as complex poststructuralist models of human relations with permanent and conscious visibility as the main prerequisites for the successful use of power (Winokur 1). The Internet is more panoptic than cinema or television. It is a bi-directional space, in which people observe other people through the computer monitor. Contrary to most beliefs, the Internet is not an instrument of socialization and empowerment but merely a tool of remote control (Winokur 5). This is where Foucault’s Panopticon turns into a symbol of present day surveillance relations. However, Foucault’s writing is much more complicated than it seems; and so is the world described by the philosopher in his famous work. The writing deserves much attention and analysis to understand its real meaning and writer’s idea. The Panopticon is not merely an instrument and medium of power, its meaning is really more important. It is the symbol of social resistance and control (Simon 3). It is a representation of a socio-material epistemology (Simon 3). Panopticon shapes a unique but extremely

Compensation Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compensation Practice - Assignment Example Their award winning online banking has served 30 million users. Through their big size, capability and commitment the bank is able to serve the community with superior economic value and services (Our Vision, 2013). Compensation refers to all forms of financial return in terms of tangible services and benefits that the employee receives as a part of employment relationship. It is an integral part of the human resource management that helps in employee motivation and improvement in the organizational effectiveness by paying salary or wage. Salary refers to the payment of the managers or professionals, whose payments are calculated on monthly or annual basis. In contrast, wage is the payment that is received by the workers in hourly or daily basis or for overtime (Bhattacharya & Sengupta, 2009, p. 2).This study deals in understanding the compensation policy of Bank of America Compensation Strategy Compensation strategy is designed depending upon the business strategy and goal. The busi ness goals and objectives are aligned with the Human Resource strategies. The compensation committee devises the compensation plan. The strategy depends upon both the internal and external factors as well as on the life cycle of an organization (Bhattacharya & Sengupta, 2009, p. 3). ... Practices followed by Bank of America The Bank of America follows â€Å"pay-for-performance compensation program† (BOA Compensation Principles, n.d.) which, provides rewards for long term and sustainable result that are aligned to the shareholder’s interest. The primary objective is to provide a tie up between payment and performance while at the same time providing a balancing reward with practical business decision and efficient risk management. All the compensation programs are designed to be consistent with the Compensation Principles, which ensures that the compensation practice does not encourage excessive risk, focuses the employees in managing the company towards long term goals and sustainable values for the shareholders and provides an appropriate realization of the rewards overtime (BOA Compensation Principles, n.d., p. 1). The benefits that the generally provide to their employees include health and dental benefits from the first day of employment, â€Å"Li fe Insurance, Accidental Death, Dismemberment coverage and Disability benefits† (Bank of America, Careers, 2013), retirement benefits, leave benefits like paternity leave, fitness centers, employee cafes and Associate discount program. They also provide a three week vacation when the position starts from entry level. Analysis of the compensation principle The pay of the executive is linked to the performance of the company, which in turn is supposed to increase the stakeholder’s wealth. Compensation also influences the employee wok behavior and organizational performance. This is the measure of paying the employee, which affects the quality of work, attitude towards customers and willingness to be flexible, learning new skills or suggesting

A critique of published research By Anthony Feiler Essay

A critique of published research By Anthony Feiler - Essay Example The result of the analysis is decisive in a complete comprehension of the article as well as its strengths and weaknesses. The research paper has been identified as crucial in arriving at a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of strategies in support of the children who have difficulty in learning, and those struggle with literacy. The primary strategy proposed in the study is the provision of weekly home visits during the first year of the students in school. Anthony Feiler comes up, through the research investigation undertaken, with evidences for the effectiveness of additional support for the children with difficulties in literacy. The test scores and the views of the participants which have been collected through a series of interviews are used to arrive at such a conclusion. The literacy difficulty in children during the primary years of education poses serious challenges in the learning process as they continue the learning activity and this has been a major issue raised in the research paper by Feiler. The research undertaken in the paper concentrates on the evidences for strong and specific family variables which influence the literacy outcome of children at the early years of their education. The quality of the learning environment as well as the role played by the parents in the learning activity of students has great significance in the learning skills of children and the research investigation by Feiler focuses on the family literacy schemes, especially the strategy occupying the parents as well as children. Ultimately, the research study â€Å"explores the impact of providing additional literacy support at home (with some additional support at school), using a Reception teacher’s and head teacher’s predictions to target children c onsidered to be in need of extra help during their first year at school. There is a particular focus on strategies for working with parents whose engagement with

Attachment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Attachment - Research Paper Example nt scientific articles and reports on the influences of parents and caregivers on brain development, their relationship to theorist and application to ECE (Early Childhood Education), and how these relationships and applications help answer my question. The articles study brain development after birth from a socioeconomic, environmental, dietary, social class, and strata points of view. In 2004, researcher Brenda Jones Harden explores developmental procedures at cognitive levels in â€Å"Safety and Stability for Foster Children: A Developmental Perspective† (Harden, 2004). Phyllis Porter’s 2007 â€Å"Early Brain Development: What parents and caregivers need to know!† argues that children brought up in environmentally poor households like unmaintained orphanages become familiar to less sounds, colors, images, socializations, and visions. Jednorà ³g, et al, wrote â€Å"The influence of socioeconomic status on children’s brain structure† in 2012 to determine the effect of parental SES (Socioeconomic Status) on children’s brain development (Jednorà ³g, et al., 2012). Theresa Hawley and Megan Gunner 2000 edition of â€Å"Starting Smart: How Early Experiences Affect Brain Development† involves the latest developments in brain studies on children, which have shed light on how a child’s brain keeps on budding and developing â€Å"postnatally† (Hawley and Gunner, 2000). Michelle Loman and Megan Gunnar’s 2010 article â€Å"Early experience and the development of stress reactivity and regulation in children† theorizes that infants who spend early parts of their childhood in institutes, or endure abuses from their parents, caregivers, or siblings of origin are in jeopardy of building emotional and interactive issues echoing illnesses of emotion and attention control. Lastly, Daniel A. Hackman  Martha J. Farah say SES is related to mental accomplishments all through a child’s life in their 2009 research article â€Å"Socioeconomic status and the developing brain.† Hawley

Student teachers, educational judgement In the 21st century classroom, Essay

Student teachers, educational judgement In the 21st century classroom, 'using the knowledge of good ends to decide appropriate - Essay Example This paper provides a brief philosophical view of education to identify the good ends that mentors should aim for in their teaching education program. Guided by traditional and modern philosophy of education and the insights offered by the current literature in the field, the present paper hopes to contribute to the proposal of identifying good ends to decide appropriate means for training 21st century teachers. Identifying the ‘good ends’ ‘Good ends,’ in the teaching field are the ideal characteristics student teachers should possess in order to prepare them for the challenges in the field. Good ends would serve as guide to help mentors determine the process that student teachers should undergo during education. To identify these qualities, we take light from the wisdom of the great philosopher, Aristotle. In addition, we dig upon the current literature to reveal further insights on the qualities of an effective teacher. Coulter and Wiens (2002) explored Ar istotle’s view of phronesis and related it to the desirable qualities of a teacher. According to the authors, the term phronesis may mean the same as practical wisdom or practical judgment. By practical wisdom, Coulter and Wiens (2002) mean the possession of knowledge and the ability to apply knowledge in actual terms. In their discussion of phronesis, Coulter and Wiens consider the arguments made by Hannah Arendt, a Jew philosopher who distinguishes between good thinking and making good decisions. Coulter and Wiens point out that there are teachers who possess knowledge yet are unable to transform their ideas into concrete actions, in other words, they are unable to attain phronesis as they stop in merely possessing knowledge. A review of current literature on the qualities of an effective teacher confirms the importance of knowledge or subject matter expertise as one ideal teacher quality (McNamara and Webb, 2008; Auger and Wilderman, 2000; Chickering and Gamson, 1991). How ever, the said sources do not reflect qualities relating to the concept of phronesis, thus confirming the lack of realisation of the difference between the possession of knowledge and its application. Coulter and Wiens (2002) articulate Arendt’s argument that to possess phronesis, teachers should be ‘judging spectators’ and ‘judging actors’ at the same time. Judging spectators are able to think and reflect on what is happening around them. They possess an understanding of occurrences, and are able to interpret these occurrences on their own. Following this, future teachers should be trained to make good judgments. This is possible if teachers will be allowed to think and decide for themselves. Krishnaveni and Anitha (2007: 28) identify the exercise of autonomy and proper decision making as a form of teacher empowerment. Thus, to promote the attitude of judging spectators, mentors should provide opportunities for student teachers to make their own dec isions whether in terms of instruction, classroom management, and assessment. Moreover, teachers who are judging spectators are able to deal with ‘plurality’or the ability to coexist with others, even those from other cultures.

Isaacs Storm Character Analysis Essay Example for Free

Isaacs Storm Character Analysis Essay After reading about Isaac Cline and the examples that demonstrate his character and distinct personality, I’ve realized that he is a very strong, independent, and knowledgeable man who sometimes appeared to be arrogant and narrow-minded. Isaac Cline was very intelligent and adventurous at a young age with a raving passion to reach his dreams of performing something that would â€Å"give results beneficial to mankind.† Sometimes though, his confidence got a little out of control and made him appear a bit cocky about himself and the intelligence about the weather and the world around him that he supplied. By the time Cline had reached his early twenties, Cline’s eyes had seen many horrific events that scarred his memory forever. Despite his hardships, I believe Cline is a very talented man in a numerous ways and uses his talents in a very resourceful and rewarding way. I also believe that Cline has many sides to him that others, and himself, are not aware even exist. When trying prove himself, he reveals his strong, determined side. When singing to his wife, he reveals his romantic side. When training new recruits to perform cavalry assaults, he reveals a dedicated and serious side. Isaac hides a strong, hard backbone behind a welcoming smile and sweet eyes. In all, I believe that Isaac carries many different sides of his character with him and enjoys displaying his intelligent and determined side most of the time in order to prove to others and himself that he is very talented. He is a very strong, respectful, intelligent, opinionated, and absolutely talented man who sets his goals and chases after them wholeheartedly.

Effect of Inter-professional Team on Collaborative Working

Effect of Inter-professional Team on Collaborative Working How Communication within an Inter-professional Team Can Affect Collaborative Working Strategies Introduction Schwartz, Lowe Sinclair (2010) have stated that effective communication is very important for a health care professional and service user to interaction with each other successful and also between the health care professionals. according to Weiss Tappen (2014),P98 Communication is considered to be a core competency in promoting inter-professional collaborative practice. This assignment will identify and discuss the differences within the inter-professional and collaborative working strategies, which can help health care professionals overcome any boundaries within different professions. The assignment will also looked at the knowledge and skills which are vital in order to show autonomy in practice this help nurses to improved their level of interaction with different professionals within the an inter-professional team. Anderson(2013), have stated that communication is vital in nursing profession this is due to the nursing practice on a daily basis is build on collaborating or working with different professionals. (Garwood, Lingard et al, 2005) reported that when medical errors take place, the reasons for the error are often traced back to breakdowns in communication between members of the healthcare team. It has been stated by Goodman and clemow(2010) nursing profession is not a solitary profession. Nurses should therefore be able communicate effectively with different professionals in order to work as a part of the team and interact successfully. If nurses can maintain this positive attitude of working in inter-professional collaborative working strategies and communicate effective, this will not only benefit the patient centre care but it will also reduce the conflict within different professions. Anderson (1990) stated that active listening is a process that requires energy and concentration to avoid one missing major points which would in turn compromise delivering quality care to the service users. This has been evidenced in both Victoria Climbie baby P cases and Mid Staffordshire(Francis report 2013) where there was a lack of communication and collaboration among the inter-professional group which led to fatal incidents in both cases. According to (Hall and Weaver,2001) in order to improved the quality of the service user there has to be a good communication, collaboration and congruence among the health care provides. To be an effective collaborative worker. The Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC,2008) have state in the code of conduct that nurses must able to work effectively as a part of a team and this can only be achieved through if nurses are willing to sharing their knowledge, skills and experience with their colleagues. making consultations, taking advice when appropriate, and making referrals to other practitioners. cooperate with others in the team; maintain your professional knowledge and competence; be trustworthy and to act to identify and minimise risk to service users This strategy naturally entails communication with other professionals. Communication in this case can be verbal or non-verbal.when communicating with different professional it is vital that the language which is used during the communication is understood by all those whom are involved in the care of the service user. (Kourkouta Papathanasiou, 2014).What that means is that during inter-professional communication the language which is use should be formal and consistent. This is another way which help to improve inter-professional communication and enhance collaborative practice. Schwartz et al.(2010) have identify that one related problem which prevent effective development of inter-professional communication, which is development of a language that is different for every profession. Having a language which is only unique to one profession or discipline can seriously cause communication barrier within personnel from different professions or discipline(Schwartz et al.2010). Miscommunication could be due that health care professionals are unable to understand the information which been given , now this could be due to lack of shared understanding of commonly used acronyms , terms and concepts.( Schwartz et al.2010).This can have great impact of the quality of collaboration within professionals this could be due that they are unable to understand each other on easy way. In order to deal with this problem it is important to avoided use of medical jargon, especially when inter-professional team involved non-healthcare personnel. This issue of using medical jargon when communicating with non-healthcare personnel has been a hot topic during the lecture of Cares of Hertfordshire, they have stated that they wish that healthcare professional will communicate with them with the language that they understood not so many medical jargon that they do not understand and has not been explained to them in way that they could understand it. which is why it vital to recognize our own use of jargon and asked colleagues clarified unclear terminology and use jargon free language whenever is possible. Campbell(2006) Have reported that poor communication has frequently been cited as one of the biggest criticisms in health care settings. Another importance of collaboration is that it ensure the transfer of accurate information necessary to deliver appropriate care . Nurses have also been advice to adopt a structured format of verbal and non-verbal communication skill which is acceptable to all members of the inter-professional team. One structured which is common within the hospital known as SBAR,(Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation) this method make inter-professional communication more effective and easy to understand and reduced any confusion . Narayan(2013,p504). According to Kourkouta Papathanasiou, (2014,p65) have stated that communication can happened even without words been said, which is it is important to recognise that non-verbal communication is quail important as verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is through body language and facial expression (Kourkouta Papathanasiou,2014 ) . This is why it is vital that nurses learn within early stage of their practice learn how read and understand other professionals non-verbal communication, which usually should use with spoken words, in order to fully understand the information communicate and eventually improve collaborative practice. It is important to have a clear and structured form of communication in order to prevent stereotyping and judgmental attitudes and unprofessional behaviours towards other members of staff. with this knowledge in hand it is important to make sure ones future professional judgement or decision are based on accurate information sharing, making sure that non-judgemental avoided misunderstanding and misconception when making decision. This is one of the reason why The NMC (2008,p5) states that nurses should be able to work cooperatively within teams and respect the skills, expertise and contribution of the others. another strategy of collaborative working is that always make sure that patients or service users are involved at any decision making regarding their acre. According to Beauchamp Childress (2001) the autonomy of services users should be respected and their decision-making capacity of independent person which enabling them as an individuals to make reasoned informed choices about their treatment. It is clear that nursing profession is like any other profession which requires a certain of independence from other professions even if the practice of nursing required ones to work collaborating with other professions. Dave (2009) have state that the role and responsibilities needs to be defined, challenged and task to be shared within health care profession this will enable both nurses and different other health care professions whom are also involved in service user care. Independent practice points to the concept of autonomy. Dewar (2010) states to be able to practice professional autonomy means that one is already in the advance practice of ones profession. Nurses should be able make clinical decision directly relating to their patients care in order to practice autonomy. It is important to know yourself and your capabilities, to understand what makes us do the things we do and why we do them. also to be self-aware. Self-awareness is a vital aspect of professional development. People are born into different backgrounds and are different in their ways, motivations, thoughts and beliefs; however as a professional, it is important to recognise how these affect others to be able to establish and maintain therapeutic relationships with patients. (Swapna ,2007) Knowing our own thoughts and feelings, strengths and weaknesses gives us the ability to guide us in our decision making, and also helps us to become more self-confident in our approaches The main priority of service improvement is to improve access for patients by engaging clinical teams to reduce waits and delays at all stages across a patient pathway. Service Improvement is achieved by looking for opportunities to redesign as well as ensuring that effective waiting list management practice is implemented. Conclusion Inter-professional communication gravely affects collaborative working strategies which use within an inter-professional team. It is core effect which is inefficient collaborative practice which enable to make sure high quality of care is deliver to the patients at all time. poor inter-professional communication can hinder collaboration within professionals and which in turned can have a greater impact on the quality of care which delivered to the patient. It is important to have good inter-professional communication and collaborative working practice in place to prevent any miscommunication happening within the health care. SBAR is one good example of using a formal structured language. It is also very important as a health care profession to remind ourselves to avoided using medical jargon . References Anderson, L. (2013). Why communication in the nursing profession is important? Retrieved May 10, 2015, fromhttp://www.nursetogether.com/why-communication-in-the-nursing-profession-is-important Anderson, C. (1990) Patient Teaching Communication in an Information Age. New York. Delmar Publishers Inc. Beauchamp T Childress J (2001) Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford. Oxford University Press Dewar, K. (2010). Advanced practitioners and advanced practice. In: M. Standing (Ed.).Clinical judgement and decision-making in nursing and inter-professional.(pp. 28-53). Maidenhead: Open University Press. David Hutton (2009)Professional Advisor Revalidation, Nursing and Midwifery Council Preceptorship Framework for Newly Registered Nurses, Midwives and Allied Health Professionals Department of Health (2009) Goodman, B. and Clemow, R. (2010).Nursing and collaborative practice: A guide to interprofessional learning.London: SAGE. Francis (2013) Report on Mid Staffordshire Hospital. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government. Hall, P., Weaver, L. (2001). Interdisciplinary education and teamwork: A long and winding road. Medical Education, 35, 867 – 875. Joshi Swapna Ranade Sujata (2007)Model Answers in Obstetrics Nursing Published byJaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. The Nursing Midwifery Council (2008) Code of professional conduct: Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics. London. NMC Kourkouta, L. Papathanasiou, I. (2014). Communication in nursing practice.Mater Sociomed,26(1), 65-67. Narayan, M. (2013). Using SBAR communications in efforts to prevent patient rehospitalizations.Home Healthcare Nurse,31(9), 504-515. Rita Debnath Professional Skills in Nursing: A Guide for the Common Foundation Programme (Campbell 2006) Chapter 3 Communication Skills Schwartz, F., Lowe, M. Sinclair, L. (2010).Communication in health care: Considerations and strategies for successful consumer and team dialogue.Retrieved December 20, 2014, fromhttp://www.hypothesisjournal.com/?p=885 Thurgood, G. (2011). Teamwork: Working with other people. In: R. Burton G. Ormrod (Eds.).Nursing: Transition to professional practice.(pp.118-157). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Verhovsek, E., Byington, R. Deshkulkarni, S. (2013). Perceptions of interprofessional communication: Impact on patient care, occupational stress and job satisfaction.The Internet Journal of Radiology.12(2) Retrieved December 20, 2014,https://ispub.com/IJRA/12/2/4895 Weiss, S. Tappen, R. (2014).Essentials of nursing leadership and management.Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. 09203474 Jarra jabang1

English Language Education Is Critical For Hong Kong

English Language Education Is Critical For Hong Kong Hong Kong is a former British crown colony ,and is currently a Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. Hong Kong had been a British crown colony for more than 100 years (Hong Kong). Hong Kongs legal system, financial system, educational system, and culture have been influenced by the British, and Hong Kong is now one of the important financial centres in Asia (Meyer 219). Hong Kongs official language is mandated as Chinese and English according to the Basic Law (Hong Kong). After the return of sovereignty to China, Hong Kongs secondary education system shifted twice, in 1997 nearly eighty percent of the schools were forced to use Chinese as a medium of instruction (MoI) known as the mother-tongue education policy (Choi 673-674). In 2008, the secondary schools were assigned their MoI with the reference to the admission grades of grade 6 students known as the fine-tuning policy (Suen 1). Medium of Instruction is defined as a language variety which is used in edu cational settings for purposes of teaching and learning (Medium of Instruction).There have been repercussions among the stakeholders of the educational system including parents, university professors, corporations, etc., as students English competency has been declined due to the education policy change (Flowerdew Li and Miller). Thus, should English should be used as a MoI in hong Kong secondary and tertiart education? English should be used rather than Chinese in secondary and post-secondary education because it can foster economic development (Ng 1), it is beneficial for student career paths (Flowerdew, Li and Miller 206), and it is an international language (Shen 112). Hong Kong language education policy has long been a political issue rather than an educational issue (Tsui et al. 200). Under the rule of the Great Britain, colonial educational policy has been adopted (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 204). This is used for educating a small group of local elites who act as the middleperson between the British officials and the local Hong Kong citizens (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 205). For elementary education, schools are under the laissez-faire policy, which the schools can pick and choose their own MoI (Lai and Byram 316). From secondary to post-secondary level, English is mostly used as the MoI. Flowerdew, Li ,and Miller has indicated that during the 1980s, 90% of the secondary schools are used in English. At the same time, the colonial Hong Kong government had disagreed with the mixed-mode approach on teaching, which is described as using Cantonese to explain terms and definitions, and using English on teaching and testing materials (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 205). In the early 1990s, the colonial government had increased the number of universities in order to meet the demand of the needs of the professionals in the flourishing economy (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 206). The number of universities had increased from two to eight, and six out of eight are used English as MoI for lectures and tutorials. On 1997, Hong Kong became a part of the Chinese territory. On September, 1997, the mother-tongue education policy had been enforced (Lee 13). Only 114 secondary schools are allowed to use English as MoI, and more than 300 secondary schools had to use Chinese as MoI (Lee 13). On 2008, fine-tuning policy had been enforced, as the Hong Kong government tried to eliminate the negative labelling effect of the English and the Chinese schools (Suen 6). Even though currently Hong Kong is a part of the Chinese territory, English should be used as the MoI in the secondary and post-secondary education system. First, English as MoI can boost the economic growth of Hong Kong. Hong Kong is one of the Asias international financial centres, and English is commonly used as the medium of communication in Business, the local workforce has to be fluent in English to communicate with investors and clients (Lee 98). The future generation are exposed more to the English language environment because MoI is English. Because of this, the prospective international companies may consider Hong Kong as the regional headquarters which can strengthen economic development, and create more jobs . Besides, as Chinas economy is growing rapidly, many international corporations see Hong Kong as a gateway to China (Lee 98). China opens its door to the world in the mid-1980s, Hong Kong has firstly became as an entrepot, and now becomes the middleperson between Chi na and the world. Entrepot is defined as a centre at which goods are received for subsequent distribution (Entrepot). In order to keep the current position as the middleperson and the gateway of China, English is more important than ever. Moreover, using English as MoI can train students to think in the language and use as a lingua franca, so that they can easily adapt the western cultures and beliefs (Ng 5). Lingua franca is any form of language serving as a means of communication between speakers of different languages (Lingua franca). That can make international corporations to enter Hong Kong at ease because citizens are already exposed to the western cultures and thoughts. Second, English as MoI is critical to student career prospective. In the competitive city like Hong Kong, higher foreign language ability, for example, English can ensure a secured employment and financial future for the students (Lee 25). As mentioned above, Hong Kong is an international city, and English is used as MoI in university, it is crucial for students to use English as MoI. When the mother-tongue education policy is compulsorily implemented, some parents broke into tears that their children cannot go to those English schools (Lee 26). Apart from that, university lecturers from the City University of Hong Kong also complained that students English ability is weak, sometimes the situation makes lecturers difficult to communicate with their fellow students and explore new ideas with their students (Flowerdew, Li ,and Miller 213). As a whole, this can dampen the knowledge that students receive, and affect the creditability of the Hong Kong university graduates. Flowerdew, Li, and Miller quoted from different surveys that secondary school students, university students, and teaching professionals are prone to English as MoI (qtd. in Pennington and Yue; Hylan; Lin et al.; Richard, Tung, and Ng). Lau, a secondary school English department chair also indicated English is important for students future in the long-run. Therefore, Hong Kong government should use English as MoI in secondary and post-secondary education. Third, English is an international language. International language is described as a language that can achieve a genuinely global status, when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country (Nunan 590). English is a lingua franca because it is widely used in world politics, telecommunications, business, mass media, technology, and education (Shen 113). For international relations, there are 85 percent of the world organizations using English. For popular music, 99 percent of the work is in English (Shen 113). In order to broaden students horizons, education in Hong Kong should be used in English as MoI. By broadening their horizons, students learning can be enhanced. On the contrary, there are challenges on using English as MoI. Although English as MoI benefits students, first language teaching is the most effective way to learn (Suen). First language is defined as the first language that an individual learns, also known as L1 (First language). On the other hand, using English as MoI will create the rising of elitism which refers to a description of attitudes that are ascribed to a higher social class, or to anyone in a superordinate position (elitism; Flowerdew, Li, and Miller). Hong Kong is well-known for its social strata gap. According to the Gini index, which is an index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country, Hong Kong has ranked in 17 among 135 countries, and Hong Kong has the highest rank among developed nations (Distribution of family income- Gini index). If English again has been enforced as the MoI, the gap between the rich and the poor will be widened, and the situation will create social u nrest. Despite the fact that English as MoI has its disadvantages, its benefits still outweigh the disadvantages. Hong Kong educational system should be used English as the Medium of Instruction not only in secondary and post-secondary schools, but also in elementary schools or even pre-schools. Hong Kong government should examine ways to develop English as the L1 for their citizens, and they should learn the experience from Singapore (Ng). Hong Kong government should also maintain a consistent and sustainable education system. As I have said, Hong Kong has shifted its educational system at least twice over the past 10 years. In order to produce a knowledgeable workforce, a stable system should be used. Before making any changes to the educational system, Hong Kong government should examine the pros and cons of the changes to the educational system thoroughly and publish the policy in a more transparent way. Format: MLA/ Word Count: 1484 Work Cited Ash, Robert. Hong Kong in Transition: One Country, Two Systems. Taylor Francis, 2002. My Library. Web.20 Nov. 2010 Choi, Po King. The best students will learn English: ultra-utilitarianism and linguistic imperialism in education in post-1997 Hong Kong. Journal of Education Policy 18.6 (2003): 673-694. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. Distribution of family income Gini index. CIA World Factbook. Washington: CIA, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. elitism. The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. entrepot. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. London: Penguin, 2003. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. first language. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Flowerdew, John, David Li, and Lindsay Miller. Attitudes Towards English and Cantonese Among Hong Kong Chinese University Lecturers. TESOL Quarterly 32.2 (1998): 201-31. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. Distribution of family income Gini index. CIA World Factbook. Washington: CIA, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 12 December 2010. Gow, Lyn, and Others And. The Effects of English Language Ability on Approaches to Learning. RELC Journal: A Journal of Language Teaching and Research in Southeast Asia 22.1 (1991): 49-68. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. Hong Kong. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite.   Chicago:  Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Ingham, Michael. Hong Kong: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press USA, 2007. Web. 19 Nov. 2010. Language (Hong Kong). Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. London: Routledge, 2005. Credo Reference. Web. 09 Dec. 2010. Lau, Tony.   My philosophy and reflections regarding English Language education KLA.   Hong Kong: Tak Sun Secondary School, 2003. Web. Lee, Tony Tung Kiu.   The debate on change of medium of instruction in Hong Kong secondary schools.   Diss. University of Toronto (Canada), 2003. Dissertations Theses: Full Text, ProQuest. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. lingua franca. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. medium of instruction (MoI). A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. Meyer, David R.. Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis. Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography. Cambridge University Press, 2000. My library. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. Ng, Eng Hen. Ministry of Education, Singapore: Speeches. Singapore Government, 17 August 2008. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. Nunan, David. The Impact of English as a Global Language on Educational Policies and Practices in the Asia-Pacific Region. TESOL Quarterly: A Journal for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages and of Standard English as a Second Dialect 37.4 (2003): 589-613. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 9 Dec. 2010. Shen, Qi. Globalization of English and English Language Policies in East Asia: a Comparative perspective. Canadian Social Science 5.3 (2009): 111-120. Canadian Reference Centre. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. Suen, Michael. EDB- Speeches and Articles by Security for Education. The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , 16 Feb. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. Tsang, Steve. A Modern History of Hong Kong. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2003. Net Library. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. Tsui, Amy B. M., et al. Which Agenda? Medium of Instruction Policy in Post-1997 Hong Kong. Language, Culture, and Curriculum 12.3 (1999): 196-214. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Yau, Elaine. HKIEd tunes in to the fine-tuning of English language presentation. South China Morning Post 17 Jan. 2009. General OneFile. Web. 21 Nov.2010.

Analysis of The Lost Children of Wilder by Nina Bernstein Essay

Analysis of The Lost Children of Wilder by Nina Bernstein â€Å"The Lost Children of Wilder† is a book about how the foster care system failed to give children of color the facilities that would help them lead a somewhat normal and protected life. The story of Shirley Wilder is a sad one once you find out what kind of life she had to live when she was a young girl. Having no mother and rejected by her father she has become a troubled girl. Shirley Wilder was rejected from foster care because she was black. The system failed to place children of color into these homes because they weren’t white, Catholic, or Jewish. I cannot even believe that this went on years ago. Just because you are of a different race meant that you could not benefit from the system. This is absolutely ridiculous that children could not get the proper care and supervision that they needed. One example of race discrimination is of a girl from my town. She was not able to go to our local swim club because she was black. I know this has nothing to do with foster care but both of her parents died and she was adopted by a white family whom she babysat for. They wanted to take her to the swim club but she was rejected because she was black. She sued the club and was awarded $200,000. I think she was lucky to have gotten the money but nothing can undo what it feels like to be discriminated against. â€Å"Under New York’s Family Court Act, treatment was the legal justification for taking troubled children in...

Classification Essay - Three Types of Annoying Shoppers -- Classificat

The Three Types of Annoying Shoppers Tires squeal across the hot asphalt; exhaust fumes fill the air. Innocent shoppers leap to safety as cars circle the neighborhood grocery store lot in search of the ideal parking spot. Engines revving. Adrenaline rushing. The driver's sole mission is to obtain a white lined rectangle of pavement before entering the race known as shopping. As a safety precaution, competent and considerate shoppers should be aware of the distinct character traits of the three annoying types of shoppers: Hurry Harry, Suburban Sally, and Picky Pete. Knowledge of their parking-lot-to-checkout-stand habits increases the chance of avoiding a head-on collision. The first annoying type of shopper, Hurry Harry, generally parks his dented 1967 Ford Fairland in the No Parking or Handicap zone. Stickers attached to the bumper of his tricolored heap proudly proclaim: "At least it's paid for" and "My Mercedes is in the shop." Cigarette butts and candy wrappers tumble onto the pavement as Hurry Harry, with a barrel-chested chassis and a fleshy front end, pushes his way into the grocery store. He weaves his way through the traffic of shoppers, cutting them off at the aisle intersections, creating a fourteen cart pileup. His basket overflows with instant, frozen, or ready-to-eat food. Finally, the final lap: the checkout stand. Ignoring the flashing sign for ten items or less, he dumps his purchases on the conveyer belt. He taps his foot impatiently, mumbling about the long lines, while counting another customer's dozen eggs as twelve items. When the cashier announces the total, he fumbles with a wad of bills, grumbling about the prices, before askin g for a pen. A rearview mirror is necessary to avoid Hurry Harry. ... ...s neat and orderly cart before heading to the checkout stand. As the cashier confirms his credit card, he rebags his items. Insurance and a solid ego are necessary if you are unfortunate enough to run into Picky Pete at the store. In conclusion, the competent and considerate shopper is at the mercy of the three types of annoying shoppers. Unfortunately, tickets are not issued for parking thoughtlessly, driving shopping carts recklessly, blocking aisle traffic needlessly, or treating others arrogantly. However, armed with the knowledge of the habits of Hurry Harry, Suburban Sally, and Picky Pet, the average consumer may avoid a head-on collision, and possibly survive a trip to the grocery store. To be on the safe side, shoppers should reread their warranty; written in small print is a clause covering ten thousand miles or one shopping trip, whichever comes first.

Difference Between Coe and Ece

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Some of the entering college students have the misconception that Computer Engineering and Electronics and Communication Engineering are only the same. But these are definitely different. This research will specify the differences between COE and ECE. It will give information in choosing their career and it will also use as a guide for incoming freshmen. Basically Electronics and Communication Engineering, deals in the study of communication and signals. It is a combination of electronics and communication. Communication like what we have nowadays; radio waves, spectrum, etc.It requires also a study in electronics, which deals with circuits. It deals more with hardware like integrated circuits. Logically it is also interlinked with computers. Computer Engineering is about the whole understanding of the concepts of computer. Such as operating system, programming, database, networks, software, hardware, etc. as this concept are esse ntial for who will take this course. Based on the definition of the two mentioned course, the differences between can be seen. It only means that they are not the same because they differ on field of study.In terms of job they can get, of course they also differ. As this research continues, it will cite more differences of ECE and COE. This research will help the incoming freshmen to their toughest decision in choosing in their career. Statement of the Problems/Objectives What is the distinction between the courses of Computer Engineering and the Electronics and Communication Engineering? †¢ Why is that most of the students considered that the Computer Engineering course is under the Electronics and Communications Engineering? †¢ Why is Computer Engineering course does not have its own board examination? What are the differences of their fields, duties and specialization? †¢ Is it true that COE came from the concept of ECE? Significance of the Study The researchers co nduct this research for the benefits of the: †¢ Incoming first year students of Computer Engineering in Bulacan State University to give them the vision of what COE is and how it is differ from ECE. †¢ The current second year students of the university to help them to choose between COE and ECE, and decide in third year either to stay in COE or shift to other courses of Engineering like ECE. Readers of this research to give them knowledge about the COE and ECE courses of College of Engineering in Bulacan State University. Scope and Delimitation The research is about the comparison of the courses of COE and ECE in terms of citing some of their differences and the details of each course and to prove that Computer Engineering is not under Electronics and Communication Engineering. The research also resolves the problem of COE being recognized as a major or course under ECE.

Different examples of power Essay

What is power? What are different examples of power? How can people gain and maintain power? Power is being able to make something happen or prevent something from happening. You know if someone has power if they are leaders or if they are respected. If you’re a good influence you can also gain power because people begin to follow in your footsteps. Examples of power are political, economic, and social. Political power is an authority held by a group within society that allows for the administration of public resources and implement policies for society. The President has political power and the governor has political power. Social power is the degree of influence that an individual or organization has among their peers and within their society as a whole. Martin Luther King had social power and Malcolm X also had social power. Economic power is organization of the money, industry, and trade of a country, region, or society. Jay Z has economic power because he has money. My essay is going to be about stop and frisk and how often it is being used by police officers and how it affects the people in neighborhoods it is constantly happening in and the statistics on the frisking. In New York City police officers have a program called stop and frisk which is when a person is stopped by a cop and patted down to examine if the person is carrying a weapon or if the person is engaging in illegal activity. This type of limited search occurs when police confront a suspicious person in an effort to prevent a crime from taking place. A stop is different from an arrest. An arrest is a lengthy process in which the suspect is taken to the police station or booked and a frisk is only a temporary search. If the officer uncovers further evidence during the frisk, the stop may lead to an actual arrest, but if no further evidence is found, the person is let go. Unlike a full search, a frisk is only limited to a patting down of the outer clothing. If the officer feels something like a weapon, the officer may then reach inside the person’s clothing. If no weapon is felt, the search may not go any further than the outer clothing. In 2011, New Yorkers were stopped by police 685,724 times by police officers and 88 percent of them were totally innocent. 34 percent were African Americans & 34 percent where Latinos. 51 percent were though age 14 to 24, only 9 percent were Caucasian.. In the first nine months of 2012, New Yorkers were stopped by police 443,422 times. 89 percent were completely innocent. 55 percent were  black and 32 percent were Latinos, 10 percent were white. Stop and frisk causes people to be afraid of the police because when they are around they have to worry about being frisked by them. â€Å"Stop-and-Frisk abuses corrode trust between the police and communities, which makes everyone less safe. I know people that get very scared when the police come around because he had been frisked a lot of times. Police officers also sometimes use physical force when frisking people. For example, if you are getting frisked and you try to resist, the police will sometimes use physical force on you because they may feel like you’re disobeying them. Stop and frisk is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment says â€Å"people have the right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† Mayor Bloomberg and police say stop and frisk has helped New York reach a low crime rate. New York has the lowest crime rate among the nation’s biggest cities, said by the FBI. People call the stop and frisk practice racial discrimination. Aggressive stop-and-frisk practices are having a profound effect on individuals, groups and communities across the city. Residents of some New York City neighborhoods describe a police presence so pervasive and hostile that they feel like they are living in a state of siege. w deeply this practice impacts individuals and they document widespread civil and human rights abuses, including illegal profiling, improper arrests, inappropriate touching, sexual harassment, humiliation and violence at the hands of police officers.

Health Care Reform Project Essay

One solution to managed care in health care is the keeping the cost of the health care down. According to â€Å"Health Care Cost Control: Getting on the Right Track† (2002), â€Å"A real solution will, of necessity, involve pain for all players in health care: employers, government, providers, insurers, pharmaceutical and medical technology companies, and consumers.† To regain control over the heath care crisis the purchasers and the consumers need to come together and decide what the best resolution would be best for them. They will also need to determine what it is that they are willing to sacrifice in order to reduce the high rate of the health care cost. If this doesn’t work the only other alternative would be for the government to step in and decide what needs to mandated, nobody wants this to happen. Another solution to managed care in health care is access to affordable health care. According to â€Å"Health Care in Chaos: Will We Ever See Real Managed Careâ€Å" †Lack of insurance coverage causes people not only to avoid preventive care, but to delay seeking illness care until later into the episode of illness.† The underinsured or uninsured will wait until they absolutely have to or need to be seen and end up going to the Emergency room costing themselves and other a lot more money out of pocket. If managed care was more affordable then there would be a lot less people needing insurance along with better health for those individuals. There are an increased number of uninsured people in the United States to roughly around 45.6 million people (Health Care in Chaos: Will We Ever See Real Managed Care). Quality of care in managed care is another issue that is happening. â€Å"Medicare HMO enrollees with chronic conditions showed worse quality of care.†(Miller, 2015). The quality of care with HMO’s can be considered poorly done. Most people feel that HMO’s do not get the same type of care as  others such as PPO’s this is â€Å"in part because of slow clinical practice change, lack of risk-adjusted capitation rates, and inadequate quality measurement and reporting.† (Miller, 2015). Solutions to these managed care issues all depends on the individual who is insured and wither or not they want to spend a lot of their own money to get the quality of care they are wanting. Most Americans cannot afford insurance either through their employer or through the Affordable Care Act. This is why so many people do not have insurance and have poor health. They are not able to obtain the care they need which then makes health care rise to cover those who seek medical help through the Emergency rooms. More hospitals have to write the debts off which is costing them to lose more money from the patients who are unable to pay for their services. Having managed care is a vicious circle, you either cannot afford to have the health care you and your family needs or you have health care but it is not very good and you still have to pay a lot out of your own pockets just to be seen and have mediocre care. According to â€Å"Managed Care: Get Used To It† (2010) â€Å"The concept embodies many modes of delivering medicine, ranging from the nightmarish bureaucratic encounter to the highly professional clinic.† The worst part of managed care is that providers can decide the service and access because the fee of service treatment is limited to what the providers think is right. â€Å"All managed care plans have a built-in incentive to limit costs, because more treatments do not automatically mean more revenue for health providers.† (Managed Care: Get Used To It† (2010). References Health Care Cost Control: Getting on the Right Track. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0202/0202.edge.html Huntington, J., (Jan. 6, 1997) â€Å"Health Care in Chaos: Will We Ever See Real Managed Care?† Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 2, No. 1, Manuscript 1. Managed Care: Get Used to It. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/business/14views.html?_r=0 Miller, R.H. (2015). Does managed care lead to better or worse quality of care? Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/16/5/7.short

The Meaning of Holy Grail

The Tradition: The Holy Grail was a vessel used by Christ at the Last Supper. Given to his grand-uncle, St. Joseph of Arimathea, it was used by him to collect Christ's blood and sweat while Joseph tended him on the Cross. After Christ's death, Joseph was apparently imprisoned in a rock tomb similar to the one he had given for the body of his grand-nephew. Left to starve, he was sustained for several years by the power of the Grail which provided him with fresh food and drink every morning. Later, St. Joseph travelled to Britain with his family and several followers. He settled at Ynys Witrin (Glastonbury), but the Grail was taken to Corbenic where it was housed in a spectacular castle, guarded always by the Grail Kings, descendants of Joseph's daughter, Anna (Enygeus) and her husband, Brons. Centuries later, the location of the Great Castle of Corbenic became forgotten. At the Court of King Arthur, however, it was prophesied that the Grail would one day be rediscovered by a descendant of St. Joseph: the best knight in the land, the only man capable of sitting in the mysterious Siege Perilous. When such a man arrived in the form of Galahad, the son of Lancelot, along with a miraculous, though brief, vision of the Grail itself, a quest to find this holiest of relics began. Through many adventures and many years, the Knights of the Round Table crossed Britain from one end to another in their search. Perceval (Peredyr) discovered the castle in a land that was sickly like its spear-wounded King. When entertained by this â€Å"Fisher† or â€Å"Grail King†, however, he failed to ask of the grail and left empty-hand. Lancelot next reached Corbenic, but was prevented from entering because of he was an adulterer. Finally Galahad arrived. He was permitted entry to the Grail Chapel and allowed to gaze upon the great cup. His life became complete and together grail and man were lifted up to heaven. The Names: The Holy Grail first appears as simply â€Å"a grail† in the works of Chretien de Troyes. The word is probably derived from the Old French word graal meaning a â€Å"broad and capacious dish or salver†. Though usually thought of as being a cup or chalice, the Grail has indeed been variously described as a platter, dish, a cornucopia, horn of plenty or even a book or a stone. The name of the Castle of Corbenic has competing explanations. Old Welsh Cors, meaning â€Å"Horn,† the Horn of Plenty as the Grail is sometimes described may have become confused with the Old French Corps, producing Corps-Benoit meaning â€Å"Holy Body,† ie. the Body of Christ. More likely, however, is the suggestion that Corbenic stems from Corbin-Vicus. The ending is almost certainly derived from the Latin for â€Å"Settlement,† while Corben is a French translation of the word Crow or Raven: Bran in Welsh. This was also a man's name and, as Brons, he appears as St. Joseph's son-in-law, one of the first Grail Kings. Hence Corbenic was â€Å"Bran's Settlement†. It may be identical to the home of Lancelot's father, Caer-Benwick. Ancient Origins: The quest for a divine vessel was a popular theme in Arthurian legend long before medieval writers introduced the Holy Grail to British mythology. It appears in the Mabinogion tale of Culhwch and Olwen, but particularly well-known is the story of the Preiddeu Annwfn or â€Å"Spoils of the Otherworld† as recounted by Taliesin. Arthur and his warriors sail off to the Celtic Otherworld to capture the pearl-rimmed Cauldron of Annwfn: like the grail it was a giver of plenty, but also of prophecy. It was at last discovered at Caer-Siddi (or Wydyr), an island bound castle of glass, where it was guarded by nine divine maidens; but the ensuing perils were too much for even Arthur's men. The mission was abandoned and only seven of their number returned home. Celtic Cauldrons were used in ceremonial feasting as early as the Late Bronze Age. Ritual deposits in Llyn Fawr (Glamorgan) included such vessels, though the best known example is the Gundestrup Cauldron found in the peat bogs of Jutland (Denmark). Highly decorated with portraits of many Celtic deities, this vessel would once have held up to twenty-eight and a half gallons of liquid. These finds clearly point to the religious importance of cauldrons, as found in the Arthurian stories and even older Celtic mythological parallels. The magic Otherworld vessel was the Cauldron of Ceridwen, the Celtic Goddess of Inspiration. She is remembered today in the archetypal hideous cauldron-stirring witch. She once set about brewing a drink of knowledge and wisdom for her hideous son, but her kitchen-boy, Gwion, accidentally tasted the concoction, preventing anyone else from benefitting from its affects. A great battle of wills ensued, for Gwion now held all the knowledge to escape the Goddess' wrath. The two changed themselves into various animals in an attempt to outwit each other before Gwion was swallowed whole as a grain of wheat. He was eventually reborn as the great bard, Taliesin! The cauldron then reappears in the story of Bran Fendigaid (the Blessed), not only as a vessel of knowledge and plenty, but also of rebirth. The great Celtic warrior God, Bran, obtained his life-giving vessel from a giantess (or thinly veiled Ceridwen) who had been expelled from a Lake in Ireland. The Emerald Isle here personifies the Celtic Otherworld. The magic vessel would restore to life the body of any dead warrior placed within it: a scene apparently depicted on the Gundestrup Cauldron. Bran's sister marries the King of Ireland and they are given the cauldron as a wedding gift. However, when hostilities between the two countries break out, Bran travels across the ocean to regain this dangerous prize. He is eventually successful, but is wounded by a poisoned spear and, like Arthur, only seven of his men return home. The name, the castle (already discussed), the wound, the mystic vessel, the journey: Bran Fendigaid is clearly Brons, the Grail King, son-in-law of Joseph of Arimathea.

Softball vs baseball

It may become obvious one day that baseball and fast pitch softball although similar are two very different sports. Obvious in the sense that fast pitch softball is just as physically demanding as baseball. That females softball athletes are every bit as tough of the males baseball who play a similar sport. The similarities are what groups the two sports together but the Intensity on the passion for the game of softball far exceeds that of baseball. Softball and baseball have always been lumped together due to their similarities.The sport of softball is for females where assessable is more geared toward males, with some exceptions of female team members. Taking a closer look Into the whole sport is what sets them apart. At first, spectators see the similarities, the fields lined in white chalk, bats, balls, bases and gloves. Someone in the crowd may even notice that base path distance varies between the two sports, and correctly so. They may even notice that the pitcher throws the ba ll under hand, in a windmill motion in softball opposed to overhand In baseball.All of these are good visual observations of the differences but the feelings of entertainment do not start until the games actually begin. Baseball has been American's past time for many years. It was and still continues to be a place where fathers and sons share a special day together. Memories are and were made at ball parks and the anticipation of catching a foul ball was top on the list. Sure there are still families who truly enjoy the sport and share the passion of watching a game but it has lost its appeal for many reasons.The professional players are expected to make the big plays and get dirty when doing it. They have salaries in the millions; a little dirty Is expected from the crowds. Along with some of the attitudes of these layers, they passion Is lost and It has Just become a Job. The childhood passion Is forgotten and misplaced by the fame and fortune that has taken its place. Softball pa rks are mainly reserved for school aged children, high school and college aged teams. The seating Is comprised of metal benches on either side of the field, a lot less luxurious than the seating at a baseball park.Many spectators bring fold out chairs and sit near the fence lines to watch the games. The crowds do not compare to that of a baseball game but yet there is something electrifying in the atmosphere. Why? The grass is the same, so Is the equipment and uniforms of the players. It's lust a bunch of girls with pony tailed hair who are dressed In boys' uniforms and shoes. The girls wear mouth pieces and have non glare make-up under their eyes, not worrying about losing their feminine side, its game time.These similarities fade when the umpire yells â€Å"batter up† and the batter steps into the batter's box. The Immediate rehearsed chants and synchronized claps start from the dugout of the away team, encouraging the crowd to participate which they do so enthusiastically. The crowd is immediately an active participant in the game from the very beginning. The batters are not swinging for the fences but rather strategically placing the ball on the field to obtain base runners. The game Is fast paced and fielded players are always In constant motion, keeping the eyes of the crowd engaged.There Is no lollygagging like in baseball where the crowd's attention is focused on something 1 OFF purchase at a ridiculously high price. The excitement of the crowds' involvement and the epic battle between pitcher and batter has begun. The sixty feet of distance teen the two provides very little reaction time of the batter, thus intensifying the entertainment value of the game. The females on the field are sacrificing their bodies to make the plays, which they often do.They are not afraid or apprehensive to dive for a ball to make the catch or slide head first to be safe at the base. The crowds lose control during these plays and the noise level is elevated, a fire is fueled. These are scenarios common in both sports but baseball players being male are more expected to do so, losing some of the wow factor that softball players provide. The stereotype of the well manicured, dainty female is bypassed when you see a grass stained uniform of a softball player.These players are totally submerged in the game and the only concern is to win. Not a cracked fingernail or hair out of place. The dugout chants increase vocally with every passing inning Just as the uniforms original colors fade from clean to dirt covered. By the seventh inning at least one player on the field has blood visible to the crowd. The game is over but the atmosphere is still alive. Each team shakes hands as acts of sportsmanship Just like assessable players will do.However, unlike baseball the softball players enter a circle on the field by their dugouts. They are still chants being yelled, especially if the team wins. The celebration is not a meager baseball high five or a slap o n the backside as recognition. These girls are animated and their intensity is contagious. Challenge you to visit a local softball park and experience the true passion for the sport. Softball is similar is similar to baseball in many ways but more entertaining and crowd participation thus setting this sport above mostly all baseball games.

Financial And Economic Crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Financial And Economic Crisis - Assignment Example sis and policy recommendations from the literature review and data gathered from the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and other government agencies of countries such as the United States. Analysis of the charts and tables will also be conducted in order to derive evaluations of the causes and effects of the global financial crisis. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The Theory of Financial Liberalization and the Washington Consensus A theory was developed by the academic community as well as by the government of the United States of how to go about making progress in developing countries. This false concept of development was proposed by a term known as the â€Å"Washington Consensus† originated by an economist named John Williamson (1998). Basically, there were ten policy recommended for developing countries but it did not recognise that developing countries had various issues that required various policy solutions. These ten policy propositions are as follows: 1. There is a huge a nd continuing fiscal budgets in developing countries that lead to rising inflation flight of capital and as such governments should minimize them; 2. Subsidies must be decreased or avoided and that government spending must be prioritized towards education, health and development of infrastructures; 3. The tax base should be broad and marginal tax rates should be moderate; 4. The interest rates must be determined by the domestic financial markets. Positive real interest rates should discourage capital flight and increase savings; 5. A competitive exchange rate must be adopted by developing nations which will promote exports by making it less expensive in other countries; 6. The minimization of tariffs and which should not be applied to intermediate goods required in producing exports; 7. Foreign...The paper tells that the subprime crisis in the United States resulted to the financial disaster in the stock market in the United States as well around the world as indicated by country an d regional stock indices as shown in the charts of this study. The resulting stock index in the markets throughout the globe is proof that the U.S. financial crisis had a tremendous impact on the global economy. In addition, the impact of the U.S. financial crisis caused the GDPs and other macro-economic indicators around the world to decrease indicating that these countries were affected heavily due to globalization. In the developing countries such as South Asia, the global crisis hit these poor countries strong as they had barely recovered the shocks of trade problems that resulted from worldwide food and energy price increases. Their current accounts and fiscal balances worsened sharply and inflation surged to unprecedented levels. Furthermore, their dependence on foreign funding has been relatively large. The global crisis worsened their macroeconomic difficulties as sources of funding declined. The global economic slowdown due to the financial crisis would make them further vu lnerable in terms of their export earnings, tourism receipts, remittances and external financing for infrastructure. The reform agenda of the â€Å"Washington Consensus† and multilateral institutions has results which were not satisfactory. As such, there is a need to evaluate countries or institution in terms of its nature and geography and that there is a need to uniquely determine their institutional structure.